Evidentials in Ryukyuan : the Shuri variety of Luchuan : a typological and theoretical study of grammatical evidentiality

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Acknowledgements; Conventions; List of Abbreviations; List of Maps, Figures and Tables; Chapter One Introduction; 1.1 Aim of the Study; 1.2 Background to Ryukyu; 1.2.1 Historical Background and Present Situation of Okinawa Prefecture; 1.2.2 Language Use in the Present Situation; 1.3 A Brief Introduction to Luchuan and Luchuan Grammar; 1.3.1 History and Variation; 1.3.2 Sociolinguistic Features of Shuri; 1.3.3 Linguistic Features; 1.3.4 Verb Morphology; 1.4 Data Collection; 1.5 Evidentiality in General Linguistic Theory; 1.5.1 What is Evidentiality?; 1.5.2 Definitions of Evidentials 1.5.3 Epistemic Modality, Subjectivity and Objectivity1.5.4 Classification of Evidentiality; 1.6 Evidentiality in Luchuan; 1.6.1 Overview of Studies on Evidentiality in Luchuan; 1.6.2 Obligatoriness of Evidentials in Luchuan; 1.7 Organisation of this Book; 1.8 Summary; Chapter Two The Direct Evidential; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Previous Studies of Evidentiality in Luchuan; 2.1.2 Overview of Verb Morphology; 2.1.3 Analysis of -n in the Literature; 2.2 Concept of 'Best Possible Grounds'; 2.2.1 The Shared Feature between -n in Luchuan and -mi in Quechua 3.3.3 Tee in Negative and Interrogative Sentences3.3.4 Reasons for Classifying tee as an Evidential; 3.4 The Assumed Evidential hazi; 3.4.1 What Kind of Evidence Licenses the Use of hazi; 3.4.2 Interaction with Aspect and Tense; 3.4.3 Hazi in Negative and Interrogative Sentences; 3.4.4 Assumed Evidential hazi and Inferential Evidential tee; 3.5 Inferential and Assumed Evidentials and the Speaker's Degree of (Un)certainty; 3.6 Summary; Chapter Four The Reportative Evidential; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Reportative Evidential Ndi; 4.2.1 Evidence Licensing the Use of Ndi 4.2.2 Interaction with Aspect/Tense and the Direct Evidential -n4.2.3 Ndi in Negative and Interrogative Sentences; 4.3 The Reportative Evidential and the Speaker's Degree of (Un)certainty; 4.4 Summary; Chapter Five Evidentiality as a Grammatical Category; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Double Marking of Evidentials; 5.3 Epistemic Modality and Evidentials in Luchuan; 5.3.1 Speaker's Degree of Certainty in Direct and Indirect Evidentials; 5.3.2 Direct and Indirect Evidentials in Negative and InterrogativeSentences; 5.3.3 -n is an Evidential not an Epistemic Modality Marker; 5.4 Summary 2.2.2 The Differences between -n in Luchuan and -mi in Quechua: Verbs and Adjectives2.2.3 Clarification of the Use of -n; 2.3 Epistemic Modality and Evidentials; 2.3.1 Speaker's Degree of Certainty; 2.3.2 Direct Еvidentials in Negative and Interrogative Sentences; 2.3.3 The Challengeability Test; 2.4 Summary; Chapter Three Inferential and Assumed Evidentials; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Indirect Evidentials in the Literature; 3.3 The Inferential Evidential tee; 3.3.1 What Kind of Evidence Licenses the Use of tee; 3.3.2 Interaction with Aspect/Tense and the Direct Evidential -n