565 (565) χειμέρι ̓ ἐκτελέσῃ Ζεὺς ἤματα, δή ῥα τότ ̓ ἀστὴρ ̓Αρκτούρος προλιπὼν ἱερὸν ῥόον Ωκεανοῖο πρῶτον παμφαίνων ἐπιτέλλεται ἀκροκνέφαιος. τὸν δὲ μέτ ̓ ὀρθρογόη Πανδιονὶς ἆρτο χελιδὼν [ἐς φάος ἀνθρώποις, ἔαρος νέον ἱσταμένοιο.] τὴν φθάμενος οἶνας περιταμνέμεν· ὡς γὰρ ἄμεινον. 570 ἀλλ ̓ ὁπότ ̓ ἂν φερέοικος ἀπὸ χθονὸς ἀμ φυτὰ βαίνῃ Πληϊάδας φεύγων, τότε δὴ σκάφος οὐκέτι οἰνέων· (570) 569. Γέαρος 570. Γούνας 571. φερέοικος 572. Γονέων 570. περιτεμνέμεν Α. 571. ἀμφυτὰ βαίη (γρ. βαίνη) Α. ἂν φυτὰ βαίνῃ BCGIK, Ald. ἀμφυτὰ βαίνῃ DEF. will find it discussed in p. xxixxxi of Robinson's Preface (ed. Οxon. 1737). But his faith in the accuracy of the theory will not be confirmed by finding it carries back the date to B.C. 942. According to Goettling, on the authority of Ideler, not 60, but 57 days intervene between midwinter (Dec. 29) and the rising of Arcturus (Feb. 24).-On the short as of the accusative, see inf. ν. 675. 567. ἀκροκνέφαιος. Proclus; αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἑσπερία ἐπιτολὴ τοῦ ̓Αρκτούρου, ἐν τῷ ἄκρῳ τοῦ καιροῦ τῆς νυκτὸς ἀνατέλλοντος. Moschopulus;ἀντὶ τοῦ κατὰ τὸ ἄκρον τῆς νυκτὸς, ἤγουν κατὰ τὴν ἑσπέραν. The acronych or true evening rising (the edge of the darkness, as it were is “ the rising of the star at the eastern verge of the horizon at the moment the sun is sinking on the western side. It is of this that Hesiod speaks." Keightley, Preface to Ovid's Fasti, p. viii. (ed. 2.)—παμφαίνων, apparently the same as παμφανόων, with the root reduplicated; both forms are Homeric. By Arcturus the poet is thought to mean Arctophylax or Bootes, of which Arcturus is the chief star. As for πρῶτον, which Goettling appears to construe with προλιπών, the more obvious and easy sense is τότε δὴ πρῶτον παμφαίνων ἐπιτέλλεται. For ἐπιτολαί and ἐπιτέλλειν, properly said of stars, see Aesch. Prom. 100. Eur. Phoen. 1116. 568. ὀρθρογόη, the plaintive songstress of the early morn. Some of the old grammarians read ὀρθρογόη, ἡ μεγάλως καὶ ὀρθίως γοῶσα. Hesych. ὀρθρογόη· ἡ χελιδών. Philomela (according to some accounts Procne) is meant, both being daughters of Pandion, king of Athens. The next verse, perhaps, was adapted by some rhapsodist from Od. xix. 518, ὡς δ ̓ ὅτε Πανδαρέου κούρη, χλωρηὶς ἀηδὼν, καλὸν ἀείδῃσιν ἔαρος νέον ἱσταμένοιο. This was more likely to be done, from the close relationship of Procne and Philomela. 570. olvas, the vines. The first pruning is in early spring, just before the leaves sprout; the second in the summer, when the too luxuriant shoots and too umbrageous leaves are dressed off, as described in Georgie. ii. 365. 571. φερέοικος, the snail. Hesych. ὁ κοχλίας. See on v. 524. Cicero, De Div. ii. 64, quotes an old poet who called the snail terrigenam, herbigradam, domiportam, sanguine cassam.' When the snail leaves the ground and crawls over the plants, seeking a shelter from the Pleiades, in the middle of May (the time of their heliacal rising), then the operations of pruning and digging or hoeing the vines must be left, and the early harvest must be commenced. Cf. Plaut. Capt. 80, quasi cum caletur cochleae in occulto latent.—σκάφος, (σκάπτειν, the trench or trenching, viz. digging round the roots to open the soil and admit the air. This process is described in Od. xxiv. 227, 242, under the terms ἀμφιλαχαίνειν and λιστρεύειν φυτόν. ἀλλ ̓ ἅρπας τε χαρασσέμεναι καὶ ὁμῶας ἐγείρειν. 574. ἀδόα 576. οίκαδε 578. ἀξὼς γὰρ Γέργοιο 574. κοίτην Ι. 575. ἀμήτου Α. κάρφη Κ, Ald. κάρφει BCDEFGHI the rest. 577. εἴῃ G. εἴη the rest. α ἀπομείρεται Α. 573. ἅρπας χαρασσέμεναι, to sharpen the sickles. See sup. v. 387. Scut. 235. Theog. 179. 574. σκιεροὺς θώκους, seats under trees for your siesta or mid-day nap.—ἐπ ̓ ἐῶ κοντον, sleep until daybreak, τὴν κατὰ τὸν ὄρθρον ἀνάπαυσιν, Moschop. He recommends early rising in the hottest weather, because a third part of a day's work is got through in the morning, v. 578. See Theocr. x. 48, 50. 575. ἀμήτου Cod. Gale, for ἀμητοῦ. The Etymol. Mag. p. 83. 9, quoted by Gaisford, distinguishes ἀμητδs as the harvest, ἄμητος as the time of the harvest, and this is accepted by both Gaisford and Goettling.—κάρφει, see v. 7. Archilochus, frag. 27, οὐκέθ' ὁμῶς θάλλεις ἁπαλὸν χρόα, κάρφεται γὰρ ἤδη. 576. τηροῦτος, at that hour of the day. Or simply perhaps, at that season (so Tzetzes). When the sun is hot, says the poet, and there is an inducement to indulge listlessness, then be on the alert to get in your crop. Compare τηλικοῦτος. The correlatives ἦμος and τῆμος (inf. 582-5) may have been adjectives agreeing with χρόνος, the when time and the then time. Donaldson, New Crat. § 202, compares demum; Curtius, Gr. Et. 582, says both forms are Sanscrit.—ἀγινεῖν Goettling for ἀγείρειν, with Cod. Gale and two others. 577. εἴη (for ën or ᾖ) was restored by Hermann for εἴη, and it is so written in η 575 (575) ὅτ' ήέλιος ΕF. καρφει Α. 576. ἀγινεῖν Α. ἀγείρειν 578. γάρ τ' ἔργοιο MSS. MS. Cant. See on v. 470. So θείῃ for θῇ or θέῃ in v. 556. φανείῃ ν. 680. άρκιος, secure, safely got in ; or perhaps, 'sufficient. See v. 370. 578. ἀπομείρεται, ἀποτέμνεται, takes to itself a third share of a day's work in the farm. In Theog. 801 the verb is used passively for χωρίζεται. In both places there is a variant ἀπαμείρεται (α being here superscribed in Cod. Gale). Hesych. απαμείρεται· ἀφαιρεῖται, where perhaps μέρος should be added to the interpretation. Apoll. Rhod. has ἀπαμείρωμεν, ii. 186. The τe of the MSS. is a mere metrical insertion in place of the digamma (Fέργοιο). 579. προφέρει ὁδοῦ, for πόρρω φέρει, carries you well on your journey and far on your work. Cf. Scut. H. 345. Il. iv. 382, οἱ δ ̓ ἐπεὶ οὖν ᾤχοντο, ἰδὲ πρὸ ὁδοῦ ἐγένοντο. Moschopulus, ἐπίδοσιν ποιεῖ τῆς ὁδοῦ, ἤγουν τῆς ὁδοιπορίας. The ancient reading was perhaps 88 and ἔργῳ, in which case προφέρει meant προφερής ἐστι, is best for, as διαφέρει is often used for διάφορός ἐστι. Cf. Scut. Η. 260, τῶν γε μὲν ἀλλάων προφερής τ ἦν πρεσβυτάτη τε Thucyd. vii. 77, καγώ τοι οὐδενὸς ὑμῶν οὔτε ῥωμῃ προφέρων οὔτ ̓ ευτυχίᾳ δοκῶν που ὕστερός του εἶναι. Pind. Pyth. ii. 86, (157) ἐν πάντα δὲ νόμον εὐθύγλωσσος ἀνὴρ προφέρει. This is confirmed by the com ment of Tzetzes, κάλλιστόν ἐστι καὶ τοῖς ἐργαζομένοις καὶ τοῖς ὁδεύουσι, and that of Proclus, φησὶτοῖς ὁδεύουσι τὴν ἠῶ G ἠὼς, ἦτε φανεῖσα πολέας ἐπέβησε κελεύθου ἀνθρώπους, πολλοῖσι δ ̓ ἐπὶ ζυγὰ βουσὶ τίθησιν. Ἦμος δὲ σκόλυμός τ ̓ ἀνθεῖ, καὶ ἠχέτα τέττιξ δενδρέῳ ἐφεζόμενος λιγυρὴν καταχεύετ ̓ ἀοιδὴν πυκνὸν ὑπὸ πτερύγων, θέρεος καματώδεος ὥρῃ, τῆμος πιόταταί τ' αἶγες καὶ οἶνος ἄριστος, μαχλόταται δὲ γυναῖκες, ἀφαυρότατοι δέ τε ἄνδρες [εἰσὶν, ἐπεὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ γούνατα Σείριος ἄζει,] 582. Ρηχέτα 583. καταχέξετ' 585. Γοῖνος 580 (580) 585 (585) 581. πολλοῖσί τ' Α. πολλοῖς δ' ΕΓ. 583. ἐπιχεύετ' BCDGHI. 584. πυκνῶν (γρ. πυκνὸν) Α. 585. πιότατ' αἶγες εἰσὶ (γρ. πιόταταί τ' 586. δέ τοι ΑΕΡ. αίγες) Α. προφέρειν.—For three consecutive verses commencing with the same word, see sup. v. 5-8. 182-4. 317-19. Theog. 832-4. Scut. H. 291-3. - For καὶ ἔργου Bentley proposed προφέρει δέ τε Γέργου. 5801. This distich merely amplifies the sense of the preceding, viz. that morning is the best time for every kind of work. So says Xenophon, Oecon. ν. 4, καὶ γὰρ ἐν τῷ χώρῳ καὶ ἐν τῷ ἄστει ἀεὶ ἐν ὥρᾳ (i.e. πρωΐ) αἱ ἐπικαιρόταται πράξεις εἰσί.—πολλοῖσι δ ̓, perhaps πολλοῖς δέ τ', as two very good MSS. give πολλοῖς δ', and Cod. Gale has τe for δέ. 582. Having warned the farmer not to waste his time in sleep or mid-day repose when the harvest has to be gathered, the poet proceeds to show that during the extreme heat some little recreation is allowable. Provocatives to festivity are the fat kids, the mellow wine, and the maidens not indisposed to toy with their rustic lovers. This brief episode on permissible test ends with v. 597, after which the subject of farm operations is continued from 583. δενδρέῳ. Compare Scut. Η. 393, ἠχέτα τέττιξ ὄζῳ ἐφεζόμενος θέρος ἀνθρώποισιν ἀείδειν ἄρχεται. Though the poets speak of the cicada's song, (as Il. iii. 150, ἀγορηταὶ Ἐσθλοί, τεττίγεσσιν ἐοικότες, οἵ τε καθ ̓ ὕλην δενδρέῳ ἐφεζόμενοι ὄπα λειριόεσσαν ἱεῖσιν, and Virg. Georg. iii. 328, 'et cantu tremulae rumpunt arbusta cicadae,') Hesiod at least knew that the sound was produced by the friction or vibration of the wings. Proclus;ᾄδει δὲ ὑπὸ ταῖς πτέρυξι τρίβων ἑαυτὸν καὶ τὸν ἦχον ἐκπέμπων· οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὸν ᾄδειν φασί.—καματώδεος, causing languor, fatiguing, see inf. v. 664. 586. ἀφαυρότατοι, not necessarily ‘in coitum pigerrimos,' as Pliny, N. H. xxii. 22 (quoted by Goettling), supposed; but in a general sense, exhausted and debilitated by the heat, and so requiring recreation. Virgil had this passage in view, Georg. i. 341, ‘Tune agni pingues, et tunc mollissima vina.' 587. This verse is probably spurious, and for these reasons:-In the first place, elolv stands awkwardly at the beginning of the verse; secondly, ὁπότε χρόα Σείριος ἄζει occurs in Scut. H. 397, and may have suggested the repetition here; thirdly, it may have been inserted from the words of Alcaeus, quoted by Moschopulus, νῦν δὲ μιαρώταται γυναίκες, λεπτοὶ δέ τοι ἄνδρες, ἐπεὶ κεφαλὴν καὶ γόνατα σείριος ἄζει, and this is quite as likely as that Alcaeus should have borrowed the exact words of Hesiod; fourthly, and principally, Cod. Gale αὐαλέος δέ τε χρὼς ὑπὸ καύματος. ἀλλὰ τότ ̓ ἤδη [εἴη πετραίη τε σκιὴ, καὶ βίβλινος οἶνος, μαζά τ' ἀμολγαίη, γάλα τ' αἰγῶν σβεννυμενάων, καὶ βοὸς ὑλοφάγοιο κρέας μήπω τετοκυίης, 590 πρωτογόνων τ' ἐρίφων· ἐπὶ δ ̓ αἴθοπα πινέμεν οἶνον (590) ἐν σκιῇ ἑζόμενον, κεκορημένον ἦτορ ἐδωδῆς, ἀντίον ἀκραέος Ζεφύρου τρέψαντα πρόσωπον, 588. ανέλιος Α. 589. τε om. ΑΒ. βίβλινος ΑBCG, Ald. 592. πιέμεν G. 594. εὐκραέος βύβλινος D and Η by correction. ΕΙ. εὐκραέος ἀνέμου K, Ald. πρόσωπα ABCDGHI. From this verse to the end a different hand in D. has the remarkable reading τῆμος πιότατο alyes eiol, (v. 585,) which shows that εἰσὶν could not have been in the text when that reading first originated. 589-96. These verses must be condemned as a manifest interpolation. It is true that for the unmetrical πετραίη τε σκιὴ we might read πέτρη τε σκιερὴ, which would be a safer expedient than to justify the prosody by Homer's occasional use of Σκάμανδρος, σκέπαρνον, &c. It is remarkable however that Cod. Gale, with the best Bodleian MS., omits the re, and it may be added, that the mention of the shade in v. 593 is now a mere tautology. It is further remarkable that the digamma in olvos is omitted in 589, 592, 596. Hesiod could not have written these lines; but he might have written either ἀλλὰ τότ ̓ εἴη μαζα τ ̓ ἀμολγαίη, γάλα τ ̓ αἰγῶν σβεννυμενάων, (as having already mentioned the kid's flesh and the wine, v. 585,) or, more probably, ἀλλὰ τότ ̓ εἴη δμωσὶν ἐποτρύνειν κ.τ.λ. (v. 597.) It may be added, that the use of μήπω in v. 591 depending on the preceding optative, is hardly consistent with epic simplicity; and that the best copies agree in πρόσω ωπα, ν. 594, which seems a spurious nominative of the epic προσώπατα and προσώπασι, occurring once or twice in the Odyssey. Possibly there was an old form πρόσωπαρ, like πεῖραρ, ἄλκαρ, παρ, &c. Lastly, the mention of the Thracian wine known as Bybline was not to be expected in so early a writer as Hesiod. Goettling perceived that v. 591-5 were interpolated; but (though v. 590 is a characteristic verse, and may be genuine,) he should have extended the condemnation to v. 589. Hesych. βίμβλινος· εἶδος οἴνου, καὶ γένος ἀμπέλου ἐν Θράκῃ. 590. μᾶζα αμολγαίη, bread fermented and risen (Lexil. p. 91). ἄρτος γάλακτι ἐζυμωμένος, gl. MS. Cant. κρατίστη, gl. Cod. Gale. Proclus, κρατίστη, ἀκμαία· τὸ γὰρ ἀμολγὸν ἐπὶ τοῦ ἀκμαίου τίθεται. Curtius, Gr. Et. 183, seems to take it for a cake made with milk. - σβεννυμενάων, not for τοῦ θηλάζειν παυσαμένων (Moschop.), but when milked nearly dry.' The last draining of the teats is thought to give the greatest amount of cream, because the lightest and thickest part of the milk comes away from the udder the last. 591. ὑλοφάγοιο, fed in the woodlands, not stall-fed. 592. ἐρίφων, scil. κρέας. Theocr. i. 6, χιμάρω δὲ καλὸν κρέας, ἔς τέ κ' ἀμέλξῃς. 593. ἐδωδῆς. For the genitive see v. 33. — κεκορημένον, cf. Ar. Pac. 1285, ταῦτ ̓ ὧδε, ταῦθ', ὡς ἤσθιον κεκορημένοι. 594. ἀκραέος, τοῦ ἄκρως φυσῶντος, καλοῦ καὶ ἀμιγούς, ἢ ἠρέμα πνέοντος, Proclus. From the analogy of εύαης, inf. v. 599, it seems that there is here a synizesis. Some copies give εὐκραέος, τ form used in Apoll. Rhod. ii. 1228, ἐϋκραὴς δεν οὖρος. But here ἄκροs and κρήνης τ ̓ ἀενάου καὶ ἀπορρύτου, ἦτ ̓ ἀθόλωτος. . Τρὶς ὕδατος προχέειν, τὸ δὲ τέτρατον ἱέμεν οἴνου.] Δμωσὶ δ ̓ ἐποτρύνειν Δημήτερος ἱερὸν ἀκτὴν δινέμεν, εὖτ ̓ ἂν πρῶτα φανῇ σθένος Ωρίωνος, χώρῳ ἐν εὐαεῖ καὶ ἐϋτροχάλῳ ἐν ἀλωῇ. 595 (595) 595. ἀενάξου 596. προχέειν. 599. εὐατεῖ 595. ἀεννάου Α. τέταρτον AD, Αld. 596. τρὶς ὕδατος ABCEFGHIK. τρὶς δ' ὑδ. D. 599. χάλω I (for χώρῳ). ἄημι, not εὖ and κεράννυμι, are the components. For Zepúpou the early editions and the Corpus Christi MS. give ἀνέμου. The best copies agree in πρόσωπα, on which word see on v. 589. 595. Hesych. ἀεννάου. ἀεὶ οὔσης, ἀεὶ ῥεούσης. ἀπορρύτου, gushing from the earth on the spot, not conveyed by pipes or artifcial means.—ἀθόλωτος, unstirred, not made muddy by cattle drinking at it. Hermann would omit the full stop after αθόλωτος, and read τρεῖς ὕδατος προχέειν, ' pour first into the mixer three measures of water from a clear spring. This is, perhaps, a better way of taking the passage. There was not much point in sitting with the face towards the spring, (unless indeed to enjoy the sight of it,) but the mention of it in connexion with the wine-mixing is most appropriate. Compare Ovid, Fast i. 403, Vina dabat Liber; tulerat sibi quisque coronam; Miscendas large ri. vus agebat aquas. Goettling objects, that ὕδατος would be superfluous after κρήνης. But the antithesis between ὕδωρ and οἶνοs seems a studied one.—τὸ τέτρατον, a very weak mixture, fitted, as Proclus observes, for simple working men, and not for the luxurious, who preferred the τρία καὶ δύο. See Photius in τρία καὶ δύο, who cites the present passage. Some copies, but not the best, give τρὶς δ ̓ ὕδατος. 597. The sense here is continued from v. 576. There the slaves were to carry home the corn; here they are to thrash it, i. e. either by drawing over it the heavy toothed plank (the Roman tribulum, as is still done in Asia Minor; see Sir Charles Fellows' Travels, p. 51), or by driving the cattle so as to trample it on the smooth and level threshingfloor. Hesiod here uses δίνειν, commonly δινεῖν, to express the circular track; by εὐτροχάλῳ the circular shape seems indicated. But Van Lennep explains it, well-rolled, from Virg. Georg. i. 128. In those parts of Europe which still retain the ancient Roman practice of agriculture, this circular floor may often be seen on some exposed hillside. Both the treading out and the winnowing are performed on the same spot; and both operations are seen in juxtaposition in a drawing in vol. ii. p. 41, of Wilkinson's Ancient Egyptians. See also Xen. Oecon. xviii. 3-5, οὐκοῦν, ἔφη, τοῦτο μὲν οἶσθα, ὅτι ὑποζυγίῳ ἀλοῶσι τὸν σῖτον.—ὅπως δὲ τὸ δεόμενον κόψουσι καὶ ὁμαλιεῖται ὁ ἀλοητὸς, τίνι τοῦτο, ὦ Σώκρατες; ἔφη. Δῆλον ὅτι, ἔφην ἐγὼ, τοῖς ἐπαλωσταῖς, στρέφοντες γὰρ καὶ ὑπὸ τοὺς πόδας ὑποβάλλοντες τὰ ἄτριπτα ἀεὶ, δῆλον ὅτι μάλιστα ὁμαλίζοιεν ἂν τὸν δῖνον, καὶ τάχιστα ἀνύτοιεν. — Ωρίωνος κ.τ.λ., scil. before the middle of July. 599. εὐαεῖ, εὐηνέμῳ. Hesych. εὐκράτῳ. See Soph. Phil. 828. This epithet alludes to the use of the aλwn for winnowing, or throwing the grain in the air that the chaft may be blown off, as our country people treat their gleanings. Xen. Oecon. xviii. 6, 7, describes it, and Homer alludes to it Il. ν. 499, ὡς δ ̓ ἄνεμος ἄχνας φορέει ἱερὰς κατ ̓ ἀλωὰς ἀνδρῶν λικμώντων, ὅτε τε ξανθὴ Δημήτηρ κρίνῃ ἐπειγομένων ἀνέμων καρπόν τε καὶ ἄχνας, αἱ δ ̓ ὑπολευκαίνονται ἀχυρμιαί. Od. v. 368, ὡς δ ̓ ἄνεμος ζαὴς ήΐων θημῶνα τινάξῃ καρφαλέων, τὰ μὲν ἄρ τε διεστ κέδασ ̓ ἄλλυδις ἄλλῃ. |