n this eclipse, their summits are visible to the naked eye. Dr. C. F. W. Peters has obtained elliptic elements of the Double Star 61 Cygni, representing with considerable accuracy the observations from the earliest times down to 1883. Dr. Peters finds the period of revolution to be 783 years. The combined mass of the system is about half the Sun's mass, and the mean distance between them about seventy times that of the Earth from the Sun. M. Trouvelot, in a Memoir on the structure of he Solar envelope, propounds a theory which in all essential points agrees with that of Professor Young. It amounts to this, that the Sun is surrounded by a relatively very shallow shell of vertical filaments, due to the condensation of metallic vapours, their glowing summits forming the photosphere. The varying effect on Several new Variable Stars have been disthese filaments of hydrogen and metallic erup- covered, among the most interesting of which tions from the solar nucleus of different degrees are 10 Sagittæ, discovered by Gore, and D.M. 27° of violence is made to account for all the phe--3890 by Sawyer (U.S.A.); the former is a shortnomena of spots, faculæ, and prominences. period variable, ranging from 5'6 to 6'4 magnitude in a period of about 8'38 days. The latter is also a remarkable variable of short period, near 32 Vulpeculæ, ranging in magnitude from 5'5 to 6'7 in a period of about 4'437 days. A new Variable Star was discovered at Mel STARS AND NEBULE.-At the end of the year 1885, the American Committee on Standards of Stellar magnitudes issued their third Report. The maps of those regions from which the standards are selected were made, in the first instance, with the great refractor of the Har-bourne while observing Barnard's Comet on May vard College Observatory, and have since been revised with the larger telescopes of the Washburn and Princeton Observatories. From the maps, stars to be used as standards will be chosen, their magnitudes being determined by the meridian or wedge photometer. The report also contains a table of the magnitudes of twenty-one close circumpolar stars. 31st, on which day it was estimated at the 4th magnitude. On June 4th it appeared brighter than ẞ Leporis, and on June 5th it was found to be of the 5'8 magnitude. The "Report" of the Observatory of Yale College contains an account of the survey of the Pleiades, by Dr. Elkin, with the heliometer under his care. The observations have been A new star of the 6th magnitude was dis- completed. Sixteen thousand measures of discovered by Mr. T. E. Gore on the evening of tance and seven hundred of position angle have December 13th, 1885, about 20' following x Orionis. | been obtained. The discussion of this mass of The Nora, as it is called, does not appear in observations is in a forward state. Besides the Harding, Lalande, Heis, or Birmingham. It above work, Dr. Elkin is also engaged in a ¦ was observed at Dun Echt on the 16th, and scheme for determining the parallax of firstnoted as being of 6%1⁄2 magnitude, of an orange- magnitude stars. Professor Hough, in his Rered colour, and exhibiting a fine banded spec- port on the Dearborn Observatory, states that trum of the 3rd type. Mr. T. E. Gore says: It 39 new Double Stars were discovered. slowly diminished in brightness, and in September, 1886, was below the 9th magnitude. It is of a very reddish colour, and its spectrum was a most interesting example of Secchi's 3rd type. This was the second new star dis covered within twelve months, an occurrence unique in the annals of astronomy.' Its position in 1885 was R.A. 5h. 48m. 59r. and Decl. 20° 9' N. It will be remembered that the first of the new stars, to which Mr. Gore alludes, was discovered by Dr. Hartwig on August 31st, 1885, close to the nucleus of the great nebula in Andromeda. Regarding the relation between the Nora Andromeda and the nebula, M. Trouvelot holds the opinion that the nebula itself has undergone no change during the appearance of the Nora, He is led to adopt this opinion by the result of a comparison of the present aspect of the nebula with a chart of the same region made in 1874, in which two stars are shown occu pying the central district, one of which is the present Nora, As none of the stars visible npon the nebula show diffused or ill-defined borders, they are probably neither in nor be. hind the nebula, but before it, and form a part of the Milky Way. Orbits have recently been computed of the following double stars, and periods assigned them by Mr. Gore:- y Corona Australis, having a period of 81'78 yrs. 3 Delphini < Sagittarii O Struve 234 85 Pegasi Struve 1757 40 Eridani "" 30'91 18.69 The On November 16th, 1885, the MM. Paul and Prosper Henry found on one of their photographic plates of the Pleiades a nebula, hitherto unknown, which at that time they could not detect by direct telescopic observation. photograph shows the nebula as 3' in extent, and presenting a well-marked spiral form. is in R.A. 3h. 39m, and Decl. 24° 1' N. The nebula has since been seen at Pulkova with the great refractor, though it would probably for a long time have escaped discovery had not its exact position been made known by the photograph. It The "First Part" of the Observations of the Southern Nebula, made with the great Melbourne reflector, has been published, containing the results for the revision of the southern nebulæ observed by Sir John Herschel at the Cape between 1834 and 1838. The great reflector has been dedicated to this work since 1869. The performance of the mirror on average fine nights is said to be somewhat disappointing, but very fine on really good nights. The number of nights fit for using the telescope is put at 40 per cent., and the best nights at only 17 per cent. The observations of the nebulæ afford some remarkable instances of apparent changes having taken place in a few years. Professor Pickering has undertaken a series of photographs of the spectra of the moderately bright stars visible in the latitude of the Harvard Observatory, as a memorial to the late Professor Henry Draper. One of these photographs, in the region of Cygnus, known to contain four spectra showing bright lines, contains four other spectra of the same character, one of which exhibits bright lines apparently due to hydrogen. Among the Stars shown by the photograph to have bright lines is D.M. + 37° Progress of Astronomical Science, 1886. -3821, lines first discovered by Dr. Copeland in 1884. OBSERVATORIES.--Professor Holden, late of the Washburn Observatory, has been elected, by the trustees, President of the University of California and a director of the Lich Observatory. The mounting of the 36-inch objective has been intrusted to Messrs. Warner & Swasey, of Cleveland, Ohio. The telescope tube will be nearly 6o feet long, with a diameter of 42 inches. The mounting is so arranged that all the motions required in working the telescope can be controlled by the observer at the eye end, using the minimum of physical exertion. A photographic objective will also be supplied with the instru ment. Another new observatory is about to be established in America, and is the gift of Mr. R. McKim of Madison to the Pauw University, Indiana. Among other instruments it is to be fitted with an equatorial of 91⁄2 inches clear aperture, the dome for which is to be made by Messrs. Warner & Swasey with a peculiar system of friction-rollers, and capable of being moved round with a pull of only 12 lbs. Dr. T. P. John is to be the first director. An observatory has been crected at KisKartel, near Budapest, by the Baron Podmaniezky, furnished with a 7-in. achromatic, Zöllner spectroscope, and other smaller in It is intended to be devoted to physical observations of the Sun, Moon, and planets, as well as to the observation of Double Stars and Nebula. struments. Notwithstanding the unsatisfactory condition of the financial position of the Harvard College Observatory, the photometric and meridian work has been pursued with much vigour. Observations are being made by Professor Rogers, with the meridian circle, for a catalogue of Polar Stars. Investigations in stellar photography are, at the same time, being carried on. It is found that trails can be obtained on the plates of stars near the Equator down to the 6th magnitude, by allowing the image of the star to traverse the plate by the diurnal motion, and of stars near to the pole as low as the 14th magnitude. Using a large prism in front of the lens, the spectra of the stars as small as the 8th magnitude have been obtained, from which prints could be taken on paper showing distinctly the lines in the spectrum. to 479 Annapolis; the remainder of the library and At the instigation of M. Folie, a director of To The annual visitation of the Royal Observa-tory, Greenwich, took place on June 5th last. The Report read to the Board of Visitors states that the usual routine observations of the Sun, Moon, and Planets have been kept up during the past year to which the report applies, and stars from a working list containing 2,750 stars. In the Spectroscopic Department the determina. tion of the motion of stars in the line of sight has been followed up. Daily photographs of the The photographs show a Sun are also taken on all occasions when the weather permits. marked diminution in the areas of spots and faculæ in 1885 as compared with 1884, the mean daily area in 1885 being only three-quarters of that in 1884. On twelve days the Sun's disc appeared to be entirely free from spots. The to be mounted on the south-east equatorial, has manufacture of the new object-glass of 28 inches, been intrusted to Mr. Grubb of Dublin. By an arrangement for separating the lenses, it is to be made available for photography. Mr. Chance has already cast a flint disc which promises well. The present object-glass of 13 inches is to be adapted to photographic purposes by the introduction of another lens in the cone of rays, about 30 inches from the principal focus, which it is expected will correct the chromatic aberration of the object-glass without altering materially the focal length. The committee appointed to consider the At the Paris Observatory stellar photography question of erecting a new Naval Observatory at Washington, have reported to the Secretary By of the Navy that it is advisable at once to occupies a prominent place. The great nebula proceed with the erection on the site purchased in Andromeda, showing the Nora and nucleus of be the nebula, have also been photographed. for the purpose in 1880, the name changed from that of the United States Naval using a prism having an angle of 5° before the Observatory to National Observatory of the object-glass, a large number of beautiful stellar United States, and to be under civil adminis- spectra have been obtained, including the spectration. The instruments of the present Obser- trum of Gore's Nora Orionis. Admiral Mouchez vatory, excepting the 26-in. equatorial, transit- points out the great advantage photography circle, and prime vertical transit, to be trans- possesses over eye-observations in the measure. ferred to the Observatory at Annapolis, which is ment of position, angle, and distance of double to be further enlarged, if necessary, to serve stars, where the components are of very unthe wants of the naval service, whether prac equal magnitude. In cases of this kind the eye tical, scientific, or educational, and be under the of the observer is dazzled by the light of the direction of the Navy Department, and to be brighter object, so much so as to be frequently called the Naval Observatory of the United unable to keep the smaller star steadily in view. States. Such members of the old Washington The photographic plate has no retina to be Observatory as may be required to work the dazzled, and only asks for an exposure suffiinstruments, and take charge of those books of ciently long to impress the image of the smaller M. Cruls, the Director of the Rio de Janeiro the library which refer chiefly to navigation, star on the sensitive surface. will also be transferred to the Observatory at Observatory, has been commissioned by the exposed at Harvard in November, 1885, but was Emperor of Brazil to procure for the Observa- taken to be at that time a defect in the film. tory a photographic equipment similar to that The MM. Henry have also been able to obtain of the Brothers Henry at Paris; and to co-excellent photographs of the planets, and the operate with other Observatories in the proposed satellite of Neptune has been photographed in photographic survey of the sky. all parts of its orbit. Not only in Paris or America, however, has photography been thus made use of. In England Mr. Isaac Roberts has produced results not inferior to those of the MM. Henry. Public observatories in England are experimenting on processes and methods. An equatorial refractor of 10 inches aperture and to feet focal length has been installed in the Robinson Memorial Dome at Armagh, and is being used for micrometrical observations of nebula, under the superintendence of Dr. Dreyer. A great catalogue of stars is promised from the Madras Observatory. The total number of observations made there since 1862 to the end of 1884 amounts to 51,722. The separate results and annual catalogues will fill eight volumes, which will produce a final catalogue of about 5,000 stars, reduced to the epoch 1875. A new Observatory, well supplied with the best modern instruments, is to be built at La Plata, in the Province of Buenos Ayres. The proposed equipment is to consist of a reflector of 311⁄2 inches in diameter, an equatorial coudé of 17 inches, an 8-in. transit, an altazimuth, and apparatus for celestial photography. A time signal service is also to be instituted. METEORITES.--On the evening of November 27th, 1885, the great shower of meteorites was generally observed over England and the Continent. This stream is believed to be connected with the famous comet of Biela. Much cloud prevailed over England, and in many places only a very partial view could be obtained of the display. At Keswick, where the weather was fine, they were observed to follow each other in such rapid succession that they could not be counted. At Leicester also they were well observed. At Greenwich, between 6 and 7 o'clock, they were observed to fall at the rate of 30 or 40 per minute. At Oxford, soon after 7 o'clock, 60 were counted in a minute. The accounts from Persia, Greece, and Italy all agree in describing the shower as very fine. Most of these meteors showed short paths. Mr. J. Rand Capron, observing at Guildown, put the time of richest display at 7h. 50m. p.m., when they were falling at the rate of 29 per minute. A few of the observations, when the shower was thickest, gave from 40 to 50 per minute. The sky at Guildown, excepting for a short interval about 7.30 p.m., was more or less clouded, and Mr. Capron thinks that possibly on this account the numbers may have been under estimated. M. P. F. Denza, at the Moncalieri Observatory, counted 3,954 meteors during the four hours and eight minutes which elapsed between 6 p.m. and 10.8 p.m., four observers being employed in counting most of the time. M. Denza calculates that with four observers at work and a perfectly clear sky they would in the same time have registered 62.300. STELLAR PHOTOGRAPHY.-The application of photography to the mapping of the stars, nebulæ, &c., has, in the hands of the MM. Henry, at Paris, reached a state of perfection that could hardly have been anticipated. We know that the photographic plate can be made to receive impressions from objects not visible to the eye with the same objective. As an instance of this may be mentioned the discovery of a new nebula in the Pleiades, round Main, the existence of which was never suspected till revealed by photography. It has since been seen with the big telescopes at Pulkova and Nice. It appears that it was also registered on a plate The usefulness of photography in charting the stars is now so well recognized that, in order to make work of this kind valuable in the highest degree, and to avoid the waste of work which would be the case if each Observatory followed its own practice, it has been proposed by Mr. Gill, Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, that a meeting of astronomers should be held in 1887 to consider the details of a scheme for producing a general photographic map of the heavens, in which the principal Observatories in all parts of the world should take a share. There are at the present time enough of telescopes of the necessary aperture available to make the work, steadily carried on, not of such an overwhelming nature as would at first sight appear. The MM. Henry have compared their photographic map of the Pleiades, alluded to above, with that of M. Wolf, published in vol. xiv. of the Mémoires de l'Observatoire de ' Paris, and point out some of the advantages in this work of star-charting which photo- | graphy possesses over direct observations. Many faint stars near to bright ones thus, for the first time, rendered visible; the photographic map containing 1,421 stars, while Wolf's map showed only 625, the apertures of the instruments used being nearly alike. were Towards the end of 1885 the measurement of the 700 photographs obtained at the various French stations of the Transit of Venus in 1882 was begun. It was expected that they would be finished in about fifteen months. OBITUARY.-On December 22nd, 1885, Dr. J. C. | Draper died, in his 51st year. He was well known as a spectroscopist, and when his brother, Dr. Henry Draper, announced his discovery of ¦ what he believed to be bright lines of oxygen in the sun, he published a series of measures of dark lines which he considered belonged to the spectrum of that gas. Dr. J. C. Draper had held the chair of Natural History in the University of New York since 1863, and that of Chemistry in the medical department of the college from 1866. Professor Dorna, director of the University Observatory at Turin, died on August 19th. He was appointed to succeed the late Professor Plana twenty-one years ago. Mr. C. G. Talmage died on March 20th, at Knotts Green, Leyton. Mr. Talmage's first apprenticeship to astronomy was served at Greenwich. After holding several intermediate appointments he was selected as director of Mr. Barclay's private Observatory at Leyton, which he held till his death. The Rev. Stephen H. Saxby, incumbent of All Saints', Clevedon, died on August 5th, in his 56th year. Latterly Mr. Saxby had devoted his entire leisure to the pursuit of astronomy, and was the author of many papers on astronomical subjects and history. Progress of Astronomical Science, 1886.-The Year's Weather. 481 In a paper in the Comptes Rendus Mr. Loewy proposes a new method for determining the amount of astronomical refraction. The method consists in placing before the object-glass of the equatorial a prism with silvered faces forming a double mirror, so that the images of two stars widely separated-one, say, on the horizon, and the other near the zenith-can be brought near together in the focal plane of the telescope and their distance measured. After a certain in-, terval, when the stars may be of nearly equal distance from the zenith, and the difference of refraction between them a minimum, the dislance between the images can again be measured, and in this way M. Loewy thinks an accurate determination of the amount of the atmospheric refraction may be easily determined. The Emperor of Russia has conferred upon Messrs. Alvan Clark & Sons the honorary golden medal of the Empire, in acknowledgment of the great excellence of the objective supplied by them to Dr. Struve. The Lalande prize of the Académie des Sciences has been awarded to M. Thollon for his map of the Solar spectrum, and the Valz prize to Herr Spoerer for his thirty years' work on the physical constitution of the sun. The gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society was awarded to Professor Pritchard of | Oxford, and Professor Pickering, U.S.A., for their photometric researches. Dr. Robert Stawelly Ball, the Royal Astronomer for Ireland, received the honour of knighthood on January 25th. A decree was issued in Japan in July last relative to time-reckoning, which declares that the meridian passing through the centre of the transit-circle instrument at Greenwich shall be the initial meridian for longitude, which is to be counted in two directions up to 180°, i.e. east and west; and, further, that on and after January 1st, 1888, the time on the meridian 135° east shall be the standard time throughout the Empire. The Year's Weather. THE WEATHER IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS DURING THE YEAR ENDING THIS Summary of the weather experienced in the British Islands during the year commencing November 1st, 1885, and ending October 31st, 1836, has been mainly compiled from the data contained in the Daily and Weekly Weather Reports issued by the Meteorological Office. It is | hoped that the remarks on each month will be useful for purposes of reference and comparison, especially when considered in relation to the daily results of the Greenwich observations as given for each month in the Almanack. Diff. from Norember, 1885.--The weather was mild, with few frosty nights, and seasonable rainfall except in Scotland, where rain was much below the average quantity. The highest temperature, 63, was recorded at Leith on 3rd; the lowest, 18, also at Leith on 18th. At 8 a.m. on 8th the temperature at Wick was 52, while at Oxford it was only 37°. At Roche's Point 125 inches of rain fell on 27th. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 30 45 inches on 17th, and 28'7 on 27th. A thunderstorm occurred in Hampshire on 5th. Stormy boisterous weather prevailed from 1st to 9th, and 26th to 30th; brilliant weather from 15th to 13th. Ireland had finer weather than usual owing to the south-easterly winds. Bright sun. shine, estimated in percentage of its possible duration, varied between 22 in north Ireland and to in north-east England. December. The weather was seasonable, the rainfall small, and more than ordinary sunshine. The highest temperature, 59°, was recorded at Sumburgh Head and at Foynes on 16th; the lowest, 14°, at Penrith on 11th. At 8 a.m. on 9th the temperature was 42° at Malin Head, while it was only 22 at Parsonstown; on 11th, Sumburgh Head 42°, York 20°; on 16th, Valencia 54°, London 33°; on 28th, Belmullet 48°, Dungeness 28°; on 30th Belmullet 462, Yarmouth 26. From 5th to 11th frost prevailed, with snow in Scotland. The rainfall in Ireland and England was less than half the ordinary quantity. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 28 6 inches on 4th and 30'55 on 11th; from 8th to 27th it was high, with small fluctuations. Bright sunshine varied between 24 per cent. in the Channel Isles and 11 in north Scotland. January, 1886.-Severe and rapid changes cha racterized the weather; the mean temperature was low, and most of the nights frosty. The highest temperature, 57°, was recorded at Aberdeen on 1st; the lowest, 6°, at Rothampstead on 8th. At 8 a.m. on 19th the temperature at Valencia was 42°, while at York it was only 18°; on 23rd, Aberdeen 40°, and Parsonstown 192. On 13th a severe thunderstorm with terrific wind occurred in central England. Snow fell heavily at times, but did not remain long. Between 4.30 .m, and 1.30 p.m., on 6th, eight inches of snow fell in London; and the minimum temperature at Kew was 13°. In Ireland and south-west England the rainfall was below the average; elsewhere slightly above. Cyclonic storms were frequent. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 30 25 inches on 12th, and 29'75 on 31st. Bright sunshine varied between 27 per cent, in east England and 11 in north Scotland. February. The weather was generally cold, but although frosts occurred almost every night they were not intense. The atmosphere was quiet and the sky gloomy. Sunshine was almost absent in England. The highest temperature, 56°, was recorded at Killarney on 8th; the lowest, 14, at Rothampstead on 15th. At 8 a.m. on 7th the temperature at Valencia was 50°, while at Cambridge it was only 24°; and similar conditions continued three or four days. The rain. fall in Great Britain was very small; in Ireland it was seasonable. On 28th, 1'05 inches of rain fell at Roche's Point. Snowfalls, snowdrifts, and fogs occurred in Great Britain, especially severe in the eastern parts. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 28'85 inches on 1st and 30°7 on 8th, and was generally high. Bright sunshine varied between 34 per cent. in north Scotland, and 14 in south England and west Scotland, At Kew the sunshine was 14 per cent., and the mean temperature was lower for the month than it has been for the past thirty years. March. The weather was cold, with frost, much snow, and boisterous squally winds. The highest temperature, 65°, was recorded at Cambridge on 24th; the lowest, 7°, at Stoke-on-Trent on 7th. At 8 a.m. on 1st the temperature at Scilly was 49°, while at Oxford it was only 29°; on 4th at Aberdeen 39°, at Parsonstown 20°; on 8th at Valencia 46°, at Loughborough 24°; on 17th at Scilly 40°, at Oxford 21°. The rainfall was large in Ireland. Thunderstorms occurred in England on 29th. On 26th, 1'29 inches of rain fell at Barrow-in-Furness, and 127 at Holyhead. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 30'5 inches on roth, and 29 on 31st. Bright sunshine varied between 36 per cent. in the Channel Isles and 17 in north Ireland. April. The weather was partly severe and partly very fine. The mean temperature was 3 below the average in south England. The highest temperature, 71°, was recorded at Hereford on 24th; the lowest, 23°, at Nairn on 2nd. At 8 a.m. on 27th the temperature at Aberdeen was 60°, while at Sumburgh Head it was only 36; Jersey was 59°, York 39°. On 6th, 1'03 inches of rain fellat Valencia. Thunderstorms occurred in England on 9th and 24th. On 11th four or five inches of snow covered Worcestershire. On 29th considerable snow fell in north Wales and north Scotland. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 286 inches on 8th and 30'45 on 15th. Bright sunshine varied between 46 per cent. in the Channel Isles, and 31 in north-cast England; 74 was registered at Kew on 1st. May. After a few bright days the weather became exceedingly wet, dismal, and ungenial, with strong winds. The highest temperature, 77°, was recorded at Bawtry on 7th; the lowest, 29°, at Cirencester on 5th. In Ireland the rainfall was excessive; in England between 10th and 17th, heavy local falls caused the Severn and other rivers to overflow. On 12th, 1'40 inches of rain fell at Donaghadee, 1'45 at Barrow-in-Furness, 1'30at Oxford, 1'04 at London; on 13th 1*39 at Loughborough; on 20th, 1'15 at Leith; on 24th 1'16 at London; on 27th, 1'40 at Leith. On 12th snow fell in south Scotland and north England. Severe thunderstormis occurred in London on 22nd and 23rd. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 30'5 inches on 5th and 29'2 on 18th.' Bright sunshine varied between 41 per cent, in, the Channel Isles and 19 in north-east England. June. The weather was cold and dry, except in north Scotland, where the rainfall was normal, and in west Ireland, where the temperature was seasonable. The highest temperature, 79°, was recorded at Cambridge on 29th; the lowest, 33°, at Hillington on 4th. The mean temperature was 4 below the average in England, 3o in Scot- | land, 1o in Ireland. The week ending 21st was very cold in England, while the air was from 15 to 20° warmer in the north of Norway, within the Arctic Circle. On 1st 1'05 inches of rain fell at Spurn Head. On roth, between 9 a.m. and noon, there was intense darkness in London. On 14th a destructive tornado occurred at Deal. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 29°4 inches on 15th and 30'3 on 30th. Bright sunshine varied between 52 per cent. in the Channel Isles and 27 in north Ireland. At July. During the first ten days very little rain fell, sunshine was remarkable for its intensity and duration; the rest of the month was much cooler, cloudy, changeable, rain frequent, and at times heavy. The highest temperature, 89°, was recorded at Southampton on 4th; the lowest, 30°, at Wick on 29th. Rainfall was excessive in amount and frequency generally, nearly double the average quantity in north Scotland. Sumburgh Head 1'20 inches of rain fell on 13th; at Valencia 1'33 on 20th; at Donaghadee 1'or, at Oxford 1'81, at Cambridge 1'40, at York 2'20 on 25th; at Barrow-in-Furness 1'43, at Shields 1'12 on 26th. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 30'4 inches on 3rd and 29′1 on 22nd. Thunderstorms occurred on 21st and 25th. Bright sunshine varied between 56 per cent, in the Channel Isles and 26 in north Scotland. August.-The weather was moist, cloudy, and showery, except the last week, which was clear, dry, and hot, especially in England. The highest temperature, 87°, was recorded at London on 30th; the lowest, 30°, at Wick on 4th. At Valencia, 1'16 inches of rain fell on 12th, and at Cambridge 123 on 17th. Atmospheric pressure ranged between 29°3 inches on 13th and 30'3 on 20th. Thunderstorms occurred in England on 13th and 18th. There were no easterly winds. Mist and fog were frequently reported from stations in south-west England and around the Irish Sea. The sky was almost continuously overcast in Ireland. Bright sunshine varied between 49 per cent. in the Channel Isles and 22 in north Ireland. September. The weather was exceedingly fine. The highest temperature, 85, was recorded at London on 1st; the lowest, 28°,at Newton Reigny on 17th. The rainfall was only about half the average quantity in England. On 2nd 1'20 inches of rain fell at Hurst Castle; on 9th, 1'64 at Barrow-in |
