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DIVING VESSEL.

as to prevent water from forcing its way through the seams, a small pump is suspended at p for the purpose of pumping out the water, when it has risen to the height of a few inches in the lower cylinder. Four hooks, 9, 9, 9, 9, soldered to the lower part of the cylinder, are for the purpose of suspending weights from them.

The jacket r (fig. 4), with short sleeves that cover the upper part of the arms, serves to prevent the water from penetrating through the joining of the cylinders where the one is inserted into the other, as also through the holes for the arms, as it is bound fast round both parts of the cylinder, and likewise round the arms. The case is the same with the drawers, which are bound close round the knees.

Fig. 7 represents a brass elastic bandage, employed for fastening on the jacket; and which, when hooked together, is screwed fast by means of the screw s, three inches in length; a brass bandage is here used, because leather is apt to stretch, and on that account might be dangerous. The reservoir a (fig. 4), applied in such a manner that it can be screwed off, is for the purpose of collecting the small quantity of water that might force itself into the breathing pipe when long used, and which otherwise would be in continual motion, and render breathing disagreeable. A man, named Frederick William Joachim, a huntsman by profession, dived in the above apparatus into the Oder, near Breslau, where the water is of considerable depth, and the current strong, on the 24th of June, 1797, before a great number of spectators, and sawed through the trunk of a tree which was lying at the bottom.

The DIVING BLADDER is a machine invented by Borelli, and by him preferred, though without much reason, to the diving bell. It is a globular vessel of brass or copper, about two feet in diameter, which contains the diver's head. It is fixed to a goat's skin habit exactly fitted to his person. Within the vessel are pipes, by means of which a circulation of air is contrived; and the person carries an air-pump by his side, by which he can make himself heavier or lighter as fishes do, by contracting or dilating their air bladder. By these means he thought all the objections to which other diving machines are liable were entirely obviated, and particularly that of want of air; the air which had been breathed, being, as he imagined, deprived of its noxious qualities by circulating through the pipes. These advantages, however, it is evident, are only imaginary. The diver's limbs, being defended from the pressure of the water only by a goat's skin, would infallibly be crushed if he descended to any considerable depth; and, from the discoveries now made, by Dr. Priestley and others, it is abundantly evident, that air, which is once rendered foul by breathing, canuot, in any degree, be restored by circulation through pipes.

The following description of a DIVING-VESSEL invented by Mr. Bushnell, of Connecticut, is given in the Philosophical Transactions of Ametica:-The external shape of the sub-marine vessel bore some resemblance to two upper tortoise-shells, of equal size, joined together; the place of entrance into the vessel being represented by the opening made by the swell of the

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shells, at the head of the animal. The inside sufficient to support him thirty minutes, without receiving fresh air. At the bottom, opposite to was capable of containing the operator, and air the entrance, was fixed a quantity of lead for ballast. At one edge, which was directly before rowing forward or backward. At the other edge the operator, who sat upright, was an oar for bottom, with its valve, was designed to admit was a rudder for steering. An aperture, at the water, for the purpose of descending; and two brass forcing-pumps served to eject the water within, when necessary for ascending. At the top there was likewise an oar for ascending or descending, or continuing at any particular the course, and a ventilator within supplied the depth. A water-gauge, or barometer, determined the depth of descent, a compass directed vessel with fresh air, when on the surface.

entrance was surrounded with a broad elliptical The entrance into the vessel was elliptical, and so small as barely to admit a person. This the wood, of which the body of the vessel was iron band, the lower edge of which was let into made, in such a manner as to give its utmost support to the body of the vessel against the this iron band there was a brass crown, or cover, pressure of the water. resembling a hat with its crown and brim, which Above the upper edge of shut water-tight upon the iron band; the crown was hung to the iron band with hinges, so as to perfectly secure when shut, it might be screwed down upon the band by the operator, or by a turn over sideways when opened. To make it person without.

doors, one directly in front, and one on each There were in the brass crown three round side, large enough to put the hand through. When open, they admitted fresh air; their shutters were ground perfectly tight into their places with emery, hung with hinges, and secured in several small glass windows in the crown for looking through, and for admitting light in the their places when shut. There were likewise day-time, with covers to secure them. There were two air-pipes in the crown. within drew fresh air through one of the airpipes, and discharged it into the lower part of A ventilator the vessel; the fresh air introduced by the ventilator expelled the impure light air through the other air-pipe. Both air-pipes were structed, that they shut themselves whenever the mediately after they rose above the water. water rose near their tops, so that no water could enter through them, and opened themselves im

so con

its bottom; when this was sufficient, a quantity
The vessel was chiefly filled with lead fixed to
weight of the operator; its ballast made it so
stiff, that there was no danger of oversetting.
was placed within, more or less, according to the
operator, was sufficient to settle it very low in
the water. About 200 lbs. of the lead, at the
The vessel, with all its appendages, and the
bottom for ballast, would be let down forty or
fifty feet below the vessel; this enabled the
water, in case of accident.
operator to rise instantly to the surface of the

his foot on the top of a brass valve, depressing
When the operator would descend, he placed

it, by which he opened a large aperture in the bottom of the vessel, through which the water entered at his pleasure; when he had admitted a sufficient quantity, he descended very gradually; if he admitted too much, he ejected as much as was necessary to obtain an equilibrium, by the two brass forcing-pumps, which were placed at each hand. Whenever the vessel leaked, or he would ascend to the surface, he also made use of these forcing-pumps. When the skilful operator had obtained an equilibrium, he could row upward, or downward, or continue at any particular depth, with an oar, placed near the top of the vessel, formed upon the principle of the screw, the axis of the oar entering the vessel; by turning the oar one way, he raised the vessel, by turning it the other way he depressed it.

A glass tube, eighteen inches long, and one inch in diameter, standing uptight, its upper end closed, and its lower end, which was open, screwed into a brass pipe, through which the external water had a passage into the glass tube, served as a water-gauge, or barometer. There was a piece of cork, with phosphorus on it, put into the water-gauge. When the vessel descended, the water rose in the water-gauge, condensing the air within, and bearing the cork, with its phosphorus, on its surface. By the night of the phosphrous, the ascent of the water in the gauge was rendered visible, and the depth of the vessel under water ascertained by a graduated line.

An oar, formed upon the principle of the screw, was fixed in the fore part of the vessel; its axis entered the vessel, and being turned one way, rowed the vessel forward, but being turned the other way, rowed it backward; it was made to be turned by the hand or foot.

A rudder, hung to the hinder part of the vessel, commanded it with the greatest ease. The rudder was made very elastic, and might be used for rowing forward. Its tiller was within the vessel, at the operator's right hand, fixed, at a right angle, on an iron rod, which passed through the side of the vessel; the rod had a crank on its outside end, which commanded the rudder, by means of a rod extending from the end of the crank to a kind of tiller, fixed upon the left hand of the rudder. Raising and depressing the first-mentioned tiller, turned the rudder as the case required.

A compass, marked with phosphorus, directed the course, both above and under the water; and a line and lead sounded the depth when necessary.

The internal shape of the vessel, in every possible section of it, verged towards an ellipsis, as near as the design would allow, but every horizontal section, although elliptical, yet as near to a circle as could be admitted. The body of the vessel was made exceedingly strong; and to strengthen it as much as possible, a firm piece of wood was framed, parallel to the conjugate diameter, to prevent the sides from yielding to the great pressure of the incumbent water, in a deep immersion. This piece of wood was also a seat for the operator.

Every opening was well secured. The pumps had two sets of valves. The aperture at the bottom, for admitting water, was covered with a

plate, perforated full of holes, to receive the water, and prevent any thing from choking the passage, or stopping the valve from shutting. The brass valve might likewise be forced into its place with a screw, if necessary. The air-pipes had a kind of hollow sphere, fixed round the top of each, to secure the air-pipe valves from injury; these hollow spheres were perforated full of holes, for the passage of the air through the pipes; within the air pipes were shutters to secure them, should any accident happen to the pipes, or the valves on their tops.

Wherever the external apparatus passed through the body of the vessel, the joints were round, and formed by brass pipes, which were driven into the wood of the vessel; the holes through the pipes were very exactly made, and the iron rods, which passed through them, were turned in a lathe to fit them; the joints were also kept full of oil, to prevent rust and leaking. Particular attention was given to bring every part, necessary for performing the operations, both within and without the vessel, before the operator, and as conveniently as could be devised; so that every thing might be found in the dark, except the water gauge and the compass, which were visible by the light of the phosphorus, and nothing required the operator to turn to the right hand, or to the left, to perform any thing necessary.

Description of a magazine, and its appendages, designed to be conveyed, by the submarine vessel, to the bottom of a ship:-In the fore part of the brim of the crown of the submarine vessel was a socket, and an iron tube, passing through the socket; the tube stood upright, and could slide up and down in the socket, six inches; at the top of the tube was a wood-screw, fixed by means of a rod, which passed through the tube, and screwed the woodscrew fast. upon the top of the tube. By pushing the wood-screw up against the bottom of a ship, and turning it at the same time, it would enter the planks; driving would also answer the same purpose: when the wood-screw was firmly fixed, it could be cast off by unscrewing the rod, which fastened it upon the top of the tube.

Behind the sub-marine vessel was a place, above the rudder, for carrying a large powdermagazine; this was made of two pieces of oak timber, large enough, when hollowed out, to contain 150 lbs. of powder, with the apparatus used in firing it, and was secured in its place by a screw, turned by the operator. A strong piece of rope extended from the magazine to the wood-screw above-mentioned, and was fastened to both. When the wood-screw was fixed, and to be cast off from its tube, the magazine was to be cast off likewise by unscrewing it, leaving it hanging to the wood-screw; it was lighter than the water, that it might rise up against the object to which the wood-screw and itself were fastened.

Within the magazine was an apparatus, constructed to run any proposed length of time, under twelve hours; when it had run out its time, it unpinioned a strong lock, resembling a gun-lock, which gave fire to the powder. This apparatus was so pinioned, that it could not possibly move, till, by casting off the magazine from the vessel, it was set in motion.

The skilful operator could swim so low on the surface of the water, as to approach very near a ship, in the night, without fear of being discovered, and might, if he chose, approach the stem or stern above water, with very little danger. He could sink very quickly, keep at any depth he pleased, and row a great distance in any direction he desired, without coming to the surface; and, when he rose to the surface, he could soon obtain a fresh supply of air, when, if necessary, he might descend again, and pursue his

course.

The first experiment made was with about two ounces of gunpowder, which were exploded four feet under water, to prove to some of the first personages in Connecticut that powder would take fire under water.

The second experiment was made with two pounds of powder, enclosed in a wooden bottle, and fixed under a hogshead, with a two-inch oak plank between the hogshead and the powder; the hogshead was loaded with stones as deep as it could swim; a wooden pipe descending through the lower head of the hogshead, and through the plank, into the powder contained in the bottle, was primed with powder. A match put to the priming exploded the powder, which produced a very great effect, rending the plank into pieces, demolishing the hogshead, and casting the stones and the ruins of the hogshead, with a body of water, many feet into the air, to the astonishment of the spectators. This experiment was likewise made for the satisfaction of the gentlemen abovementioned.

There were afterwards made many experiments of a similar nature, some of them with large quantities of powder; they all produced very violent explosions, much more than sufficient for any purpose had in view.

In the first essays with the sub-marine vessel, the inventor took care to prove its strength to sustain the great pressure of the incumbent water, when sunk deep, before he trusted any person to descend much below the surface; and he never suffered any person to go under water without having a strong piece of rigging made fast to it, until he found him well acquainted with the operations necessary for his safety After that, he made him descend, and continue at particular depths, without rising or sinking, row by the compass, approach a vessel, go under her, and fix the wood-screw, mentioned before, into her bottom, &c., until he thought him sufficiently expert to put any design in execution. It required many trials to make a person of common ingenuity a skilful operator; the first employed was very ingenious, and made himself master of the business, but was taken sick in the campaign of 1776, at New York, before he had an opportunity to make use of his skill, and never recovered his health sufficiently after

wards.

Experiments inade with a sub-marine vessel. After various attempts to find an operator to his wish, Mr. Bushnell sent one, who appeared more expert than the rest, from New York, to a fiftygun ship, lying not far from Governor's Island. He went under the ship, and attempted to fix the wood-screw into her bottom, but struck, as VOL. VII.

he supposed, a bar of iron, which passes from the rudder-hinge, and is spiked under the ship's quarter. Had he moved a few inches, which he might have done, without rowing, he would probably have found wood where he might have fixed the screw; or, if the ship were sheathed with copper, he might easily have pierced it: but not being well skilled in the management of the vessel, in attempting to move to another place, he lost the ship; after seeking her in vain, for some time, he rowed some distance, and rose to the surface of the water, but found day-light had advanced so far, that he durst not renew the attempt. The adventurer said he could easily have fastened the magazine under the stem of the ship, above water, as he rowed up to the stern, and touched it before he descended. Had he fastened it there, the explosion of 150 lbs. of powder, the quantity contained in the magazine, must have been fatal to the ship. In his return from the ship to New York, he passed near Governor's Island, and thought he was discovered by the enemy on the island; being in haste to avoid the danger he feared, he cast off the magazine, as he imagined it retarded him in the swell, which was very considerable. After the magazine had been cast off one hour, the time the internal apparatus was set to run, it blew up with great violence.

Afterwards, there were two attempts made in Hudson's river, above the city, but they effected nothing. Mr. Fulton, we believe, afterwards improved on this machine in England, but the attempts to use it proved equally abortive.

DIVERGE, v. n. Lat. divergo. To tend DIVERGENT, adj. Svarious ways from one point.

Homogeneal rays, which flow from several points of any object, and fall perpendicularly on any reflecting surface, shall afterwards diverge from so many points.

Newton.

Lulls her fond brood beneath her plumy breast
Warmth from her tender heart diffusive springs
And charmed she shields them with diverging wings.
Darwin.

Thus when the mother-bird on moss-wove nest

DIVERGENT, OF DIVERGING LINES, in from each other. They are opposed to convergeometry, are those which constantly recede gent, or converging lines, whose distances continually approach nearer to each other, and

become still less and less. Those lines which

converge the one way, diverge the other.

DIVERGENT RAYS, in optics, are those which, going from a point of the visible object, are dispersed, and continually depart one from another, in proportion as they are removed from the object: in which sense it is opposed to convergent. See OPTICS.

DI'VERS, adj. Lat. diversus. Several; sunOut of use. dry; more than one.

We have divers examples in the church of such as, by fear, being compelled to sacrifice to strange gods, repented, and kept still the office of preaching the gospel. Whitgift.

The teeth breed when the child is a year and a half old: then they cast them, and new ones come about seven years; but divers have backward teeth come at twenty, some at thirty and forty.

Bacon's Natural History.

2 A.

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DIVERSE', v. n. & adj. Lat. diversus. See DIVERSITY, n. s. DIVERSIFY. Το DIVERSELY, adv. differ: different; in various directions. Diversity, is dissimilitude; variety; distinct existence. Diversely, differently; variously.

A nothir clerenesse is of the sunne, a nothir clerenesse of the moone, and a nothir clerenesse is of sterres, and a sterre diuersith fro a sterre in clereness. Wiclif. 1 Cor. 15.

Mi britheren, deme al ioie whanne ye fallen into dyurse temptacions. Id. James 4. diverse one Four great beasts came up from the sea, from another. Dan. vii. 3.

And for there is so grete diversite In English and in writing of our tonge So praie I to God, that none misurrte the Ne the misse-metre for defaute of tonge. Chaucer. Troilus and Cressida. Then is there in this diversity no contrariety.

Hooker.

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On life's vast ocean diversely we sail; Reason the card, but passion is the gale.

Locke.

Philips.

Pope. The most common diversity of human constitutions arises from the solid parts, as to their different degrees of strength and tension. Arbuthnot on Aliment. And in the whole there is a magnificence like that ascribed to Chinese plantation, the magnificence of Johnson. vast extent and endless diversity.

DIVER'SIFY, v. a. Fr. diversifier; Sp. DIVERSIFICATION, n. s. Portug. and Italian diversificare, from Lat. diversum, i. e. dis, diversely, and verto, or verso to turn, and facio to make. To make different; discriminate; variegate: diversification is variety of form, color, or quality; change.

There is, in the producing of some species, a composition of matter, which may be much diversified. Bacon.

If you consider how variously several things inay be compounded, you will not wonder that such fruitful

principles, or manners of diversification, shou.d generate differing colours. Boyle on Colours.

This, which is here called a change of wil., is no a change of his will, but a change in the object, which seems to make a diversification of the will, bu. indeed is the same will diversified.

Hale's Origin of Mankind, The country being diversified between hills and dales, woods and plains, one place more clear, another more darksome, it is a pleasant picture. Sidney.

It was easier for Homer to find proper sentiments for Grecian generals, than for Milton to diversify his infernal council with proper characters. Addison's Spectator.

Cowper.

Nor less attractive is the woodland scene Diversified with trees of every growth, Alike yet various. DIVERT, v. a. Fr. divertir; Lat. DIVERSION, n. s. divertere, from dis DIVERTER, n. s. away,andverto to turn. DIVE'RISE, v. a. To turn off, or from, DIVERTISEMENT, n. s. a particular course: DIVERTIVE, adj. hence, to amuse; to please; to exhilarate. 'Diversion,' says Dr. Johnson, 'seems to be somewhat lighter than amusement, and less forcible than pleasure.' Divertise is an obsolete synonyme of divert. Divertisement is an old word recently revived, and applied to musical compositions of a particular cast. Divertive is recreative, amusing.

Knots, by the conflux of the meeting sap, Infect the sound pine, and divert his grain, Tortive and errant, from his course of growth. Shakspeare. Frights, changes, horrours,

Divert and crack, rend and deracinate

The unity and married calm of states. Id.

Cutting off the tops, and pulling off the buds, work retention of the sap for a time, and diversion of it to the sprouts that were not forward.

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Such productions of wit and humour as expose vice and folly, furnish useful diversions to readers.

Id.

Nothing more is requisite for producing all the variety of colours, and degrees of refrangibility, than that the rays of light be bodies of different sizes; the least of which may make violet, the weakest and darkest of the colours, and be more easily diverted by refracting surfaces from the right course; and the rest, as they are bigger and bigger, make the stronger and more lucid colours, blue, green, yellow, and red, and be more and more difficultly diverted, Newton.

I would not exclude the common accidents of life, nor even things of a pleasant and diverting nature, so they are innocent, from conversation. Rogers. I have ranked this diversion of Christian practice among the effects of our contentions.

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Let us divest the gay phantom of temporal happiness of all that false lustre and ornament in which the pride, the passions, and the folly of men have dressed it up. Rogers. The divesture of mortality dispenses them from those laborious and avocating duties which are here requisite to be performed. Boyle's Seraphick Love. DIVIDE, v. a. & v.n. DIVID'ABLE, adj.

DIVI'DANT, adj. DIVIDEND, n. s.

DIVIDER,

DIVIDUAL, adj.

Fr. diviser; Span. and Port. dividir; Ital. and Lat. dividere, from dis, diversely, and video, to see, a divided thing being seen in more parts than one.-Ainsworth. To part into different pieces; hence to disunite; separate; distribute as a neuter verb, to sunder; break concord or friendship; differ. A dividend is an allotted share; in arithmetic, however, it is the sum to be divided: dividual is used by Milton for divided; and dividant by Shakspeare, for separable; distinguishable.

Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.

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Where seas, and winds, and deserts will divide you. Dryden.

Cham and Japhet were heads and princes over their families, and had a right to divide the earth by families. Locke.

Money, the great divider of the world, hath, by a strange revolution, been the great uniter of a divided people. Swift. Each person shall adapt to himself his peculiar share, like other dividends. Decay of Piety.

To remedy this inconvenience, it will be necessary to divide their troughs into small compartments, in such a manner, that each of them may be capable of containing water; but this is seldom or never doue.

Franklin.

It so happened that persons had a single office divided between them who had never spoken to each other in their lives; until they found themselves, they knew not how, pigging together, heads and points, in the same truckle-bed.

Burke. Character of Lord Chatham. DIVIDEND. See ARITHMETIC.

DIVIDEND OF STOCKS is a share of the interest of stocks erected on public funds, as the South Sea, &c., divided among and paid to the adventurers half-yearly.

DIVINE', v. a., v. N., N. S.,
DIVINATION, n. s.

DIVINE LY, adv.
DIVINER, n. s.
DIVINE NESS,

DIVIN'ERESS, n. s., fem.
DIVINITY, n. s.

& adj.

Fr. divin; Ital. Span. and

Port. divino; Lat. divinus; from divi,

the gods; Gr. dog. See DEITY. To foreknow, foretell, or presage, truly or falsely: as a neuter verb to utter prognostics, or feel presages; to conjecture: divination is the foreseeing, or foretelling, future events, or pretending so to do: diviner and divineress those who make this pretension. Divine, as an adjective, is partaking of the nature of, or proceeding from, God; superhuman; excellent: divinely, a corresponding adverb: divineness and divinity, participation of the nature of God; Godhead: THE Godhead, the Supreme Being.

And it was don whanne we gheden to preir, that a damysel that hadde a spirit of dyuynacioun meete us which ghaf greet wynnyng to her lordis in dyuynyng. Wiclif. Dedis. 16. Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is there any divination against Israel. Numbers. Certain tokens they noted in birds, or in the entrails of beasts, or by other the like frivolous divinations.

Hooker.

The Grecians most divinely have given to the active perfection of men, a name expressing both beauty and goodness, Id.

Then is Cæsar and he knit together. If I were to divine of this unity, I would not prophesy so.

Shakspeare.

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