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likewise usually given, to effectuate and complete the remedy. And in like manner, by several acts of parliament (2 W. & M. c. 5., 8 Ann. c. 14., 4 Geo. II. c. 28, 11 Geo. II. c. 19), in all cases of distress for rent, if the tenant or owner do not, within five days after the distress is taken, and notice of the cause thereof given to him, replevy the same with sufficient security, the distrainor, with the sheriff or constable, shall cause the same to be appraised by two sworn appraisers, and sell the same towards satisfaction of the rent and charges; rendering the overplus, if any, to the owner himself. And, by these means, a full and entire satisfaction may now be had for rent in arrear, by the mere act of the party himself, viz. by distress, the remedy given at common law, and sale consequent thereon, which is added by act of parliament. If any distress and sale shall be made, for rent in arrear and due, when none is really due, the owner shall recover double value, with full costs. 2 W. Sess. 1 c. 5.

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stow. To divide among several; to deal forth; dispense. Distributer is, he who deals out; and distribution, the act of distributing; hence charity. Distributive, that which assigns the due portions of things Distributively, proportionally; singly; particularly.

She did distribute her goods to all them that were Judith xvi. 24. nearest of kindred. The king sent over a great store of gentlemen and warlike people, amongst whom he distributed the land. Spenser.

Although we cannot be free from all sin collectively, in such sort that no part thereof shall be found inherent in us; yet, distributively at the least, all great and grievous actual offences, as they offer themselves one by one, both may and ought to be by all Hooker. means avoided.

The taking of a distress was formerly reckoned a hazardous proceeding, on account of the many particulars that attended it: for if any irregularity was committed, it vitiated the whole, and made the distrainors trespassers ab initio (1 Ventr. 37). the But now, by the statute 11 Geo. II. c. 19, it is provided, that for any unlawful act done, the whole shall not be unlawful, or the parties trespassers ab initio; but that the party grieved shall only have an action for the real damage sustained; and not even that, if tender of amends is made

before any action is brought. Blackst. Comm.

Book iii.

DISTRESS, PERSONAL, is made by distraining a man's moveable goods, and seizing the profits of his lands and tenements, from the teste, or date of the writ, for the defendant's contempt in not appearing to an action brought against him when he was summoned, or attached; and the issues so returned by the sheriffs, are forfeited to the king, and estreated into the exchequer.

DISTRESS, REAL, is made on immoveable goods. It differs from an attachment in this, that it cannot be taken by any common person, without the compass of his own fee; except it be presently after the cattle, or other things are driven, or borne off the ground, on purpose to avoid distress.

Distress has been termed either finite or infinite. Distress finite, is that which is limited by law, in regard to the number of times it shall be made, in order to bring the party to a trial of the action. Distress infinite, is that which is without any limitation being made till the person appears. It is farther applied to jurors that do not appear: as, upon a certificate of assise, the process is venire facias, habeas corpora, and distress infinite. It is also divided into grand distress and ordinary distress: of these the former extends to all the goods and chattels that the party has within the county. A person, of common right, may distrain for rents and all manner of services; and where a rent is reserved on a gift in tail, lease for life, or years, &c., though there be no clause of distress in the grant or lease, so as that he has the reversion: but on a feoffment made in fee, a distress may not be taken, unless it be expressly reserved in the deed.

The spoil got on the Antiates Was not distributed. Shakspeare. Coriolanus. great riches there is no real use, except it be in Bacon's Essays. distribution.

Of

their best criticks.

If Justice will take all, and nothing give, Justice methinks is not distributive. Dryden. Observe the distributive justice of the authors, which is constantly applied to the punishment of virtue, and the reward of vice, directly opposite to the rules of Swift. There were judges and distributers of justice appointed for the several parts of his dominions. Addison on Italy. Let us govern our charitable distributions by this pattern of nature, and maintain a mutual circulation of benefits and returns. Atterbury.

As an integral whole is distinguished into its several parts by division, so the word distribution is most properly used, when we distinguish a universal whole into its several kinds of species.

Watts.

There remains yet to be considered the distribution of words into their proper classes, or that part of lexicography which is strictly critical.

Johnson.

The Latin language, long the vehicle used in distributing knowledge among the different nations of Europe, is daily more and more neglected.

Franklin.

DISTRIBUTION, in printing, the taking a form asunder, separating the types, and disposing them in the cases again, each in its proper cell. See PRINTING.

DISTRICT, n. s. Fr. district; Ital. distretto; Span. districto; Lat. districtus, from distringo, to bind, as with limits. The limit, or circuit, of a given authority: hence, a region, country, or portion of a country.

His governors, who formed themselves upon the example of their grand monarque, practised all the arts of despotick government in their respective disAddison.

tricts.

With stern distate avowed, To their own districts drive the suitor crowd.

Pope. Those districts which between the tropicks lie, The scorching beams, directly darted, fry.

Blackmore.

DISTRINGAS, in English law, a writ directed to the sheriff, or other officer, commanding him

to distrain for a debt to the king; or for his appearance at a certain day. There is a distringas against peers, and persons entitled to privilege of parliament, under ştatute 10 Geo. III., cap. 50; by which the effects, in law called issues, levied may be sold to pay the plaintiff's cost, and it has been held that this statute extends to all writs of distringas. In detinue, after judgment, the plaintiff may have a distringas to compel the defendant to deliver the goods by repeated distresses of his chattels. See DISTRESS, EXECUTION, and PAR

LIAMENT.

DISTRINGAS JURATORES, a writ directed to a sheriff, whereby he is commanded to distrain upon a jury to appear and to return issues on their lands, &c. for non-appearance. Where an issue in fact is joined to be tried by a jury, which is retained by the sheriff in a pannel upon a venire facias for that purpose; there goes forth a writ of distringas juratores, for the sheriff to have their bodies in court, &c. at the return of the writ. This writ ought to be delivered to the sheriff in such time, that he may warn the jury to appear four days before the writ is returnable, if the jurors live within forty miles of the place of trial; and eight days if they live farther off. There may be an alias, or pluries distringas jur', where the jury doth not appear. See JURY, and TRIAL.

DISTRUST, v. a. & n. s.`
DISTRUSTFUL, adj.
DISTRUSTFULLY, adv.

DISTRU STFULNESS.

trust.

Dis and trust. To regard with diffidence or suspicion; not to

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You doubt not me; nor have I spent my blood, To have my faith no better understood: Your soul's above the baseness of distrust; Nothing but love could make you so unjust.

Dryden. Generals often harbour distrustful thoughts in their Boyle.

breasts.
How frequently is the honesty and integrity of a
man disposed of, by a smile or a shrug ;-how many
good and generous actions have been sunk into obli-
vion by a distrustful look, or stampt with the imputa-
tion of proceeding from bad motives, by a mysterious
and seasonable whisper.
Sterne.
Span. disturbar;
Ital. and Lat. dis-
turbare, from dis
expletive, and tur-
bo to disorder, à turba a crowd. To perplex;
disquiet; confound; interrupt; turn off attention,
or aim. Milton uses disturb as a substantive for
confusion or tumult, or synonymous with dis-
turbance.

DISTU'RB, v. a. & n. s.
DISTURBANCE, n. s.
DISTURBER,

DISTURBED, part. adj.

And thei seynge him walkinge on the see weren distu blid and seiden that it is a fantum.

Wielif. Matt. 14.

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He that has his own troubles, and the happiness of his neighbours, to disturb him, has work enough. Collier on Envy.

His youth with wants and hardships must engage; Plots and rebellions must disturb his age. Prior.

Ye great disturbers, who in endless noise, In blood and horror, seek unnatural joys: For what is all this bustle, but to shun Those thoughts with which you dare not be alone? Granville.

They can survey a variety of complicated ideas without fatigue or disturbance. Watts.

Thrice round the grave Circæa prints her tread, And chaunts the numbers which disturb the dead. Darwin.

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off; turn aside. Not in use.

He glad was to disturn that furious stream Of war on us, that else had swallowed them.

DISVALUE, v a.

DISVALUATION, n. s.

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disgrace diminution of reputation.

What can be more to the disvaluation of the power of the Spaniard, than that eleven thousand English should have marched into the heart of his countries?

Her reputation was disvalued

Bacon.

In levity. Shakspeare. Measure for Measure. The very same pride which prompts a man to vaunt and overvalue what he is, does as forcibly incline him to contemn and disavow what he has. Government of the Tongue. Fr. developer. To un

DISVE'LOP, v. a.

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DISUSE', v.a & n. s. Dis and use. To cease

Up again! for every warrior Slain, another climbs the barrier. Thicker grows the strife; thy ditches Europe's mingling gore enriches. Byron. DITCH, in fortification, called also the foss and moat, is a trench dug round the rampart, or wal of a fortified place, between the scarp and coun

to make use of; to disaccustom: with from or terscarp. Ditches are either dry or wet, that is, to; more properly from.

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Which when they heard, there was not one
But hasted after to be gone,

As she had been diswitted. Drayton's Nymphid. DIT, n. s. Dutch dicht. A ditty; a poem; a tune. Obsolete.

No bird but did her shrill notes sweetly sing; No song but did contain a lovely dit.

Faerie Queene. DITATION, n. s. Lat. ditatus. The act of enriching.

having water in them; both of which have their particular advantages. The earth dug out of the ditch serves to raise the rampart. The ditch in front should be of such breadth as that tall trees may not reach over it, being from twelve to twenty-four fathoms wide, and seven or eight feet deep. But the most general rule is, perhaps, that the dimensions of the ditch be such as that the earth dug out may be sufficient to build the rampart of a proper magnitude.

DITCH is a common fence in marshes, or other wet land, where there are no hedges. They allow these ditches six feet wide against high ways that are broad; and against com mons, five feet. But the common ditches about enclosures, dug at the bottom of the bank on which the quick is raised, are three feet wide at the top, one at the bottom, and two feet deep. By this means each side has a slope, which is of great advantage; for where this is neglected, and the ditches dug perpendicular, the sides are always washing down, besides, in a narrow-bottomed ditch, if cattle get down into it, they cannot stand to turn themselves to crop the quick but where the ditch is four feet wide, it should be two feet and a half deep; and where it is five feet wide, it should be three feet deep; and so in proportion.

DITHYRAMBICK, n. s. & adj. Lat. dithyrambus. A song in honor of Bacchus; in which than ditation; the blessed virgin comes in the form of among the Italians, the distraction of ebriety is still initated. Wild; distracted.

Those eastern worshippers intended rather homage

poverty.

Hall's Contemplations.

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Pindar does new words and figures roll Down his impetuous dithyrambick tide.

Cowley.

DITHYRAMBICS were songs in honor of Bacchus, which first gave birth to dramatic representations, and are as ancient as the worship of Bacchus in Greece. Many of the most splendid exhibitions upon the stage, for the entertainment of the people of Athens and Rome, being performed upon the festivals of Bacchus, gave occasion to the calling all those that were employed in them, whether for singing, dancing, or reciting, servants of Bacchus. The dithyrambus owes its birth to Greece, and to the transports of wine. Horace and Aristotle tell us, that the ancients gave the name of dithyrambus to those verses wherein none of the common rules or measures were observed. As we have now no remains of the dithyrambus of the ancients, we cannot exactly tell what their measure was.

DITMARSEN, a district of Holstein, Denthe Eyder, and from Bremen on the south-west mark, separated from Sleswick on the north by by the Elbe; and having Holstein Proper to the east, and the German Ocean to the west. It is marshy, and frequently inundated: yet by means of the internal navigation, a number of tracts have been drained, and are highly productive.

Its length is thirty-two miles, and its breadth twenty-seven. The chief towns are Meldorf and Lunden. It is fertile in corn and pasturage.

DITONE, in music, an interval comprehending two tones. The proportion of the sounds that form the ditone is 4: 5, and that of the semiditone is 5: 6.

DITRIHEDRIA, in mineralogy, a genus of spars with twice three sides, or six planes; being formed of two trigonal pyramids joined base to base, without any intermediate column. See SPAR. The species of ditrihedria are distinguished by the different figures of these pyramids.

DITTA'NDER, n. s. The same with pepperwort. See LEPIDIUM.

DITTANY, n. s. Lat. dictamnus.

Dittany hath been renowned, for many ages, upon the account of its sovereign qualities in medicines. It is generally brought over dry from the Levant.

Miller.

Virgil reports of dittany, that the wild goats eat it when they are shot with darts. More's Antidote against Atheism. DITTANY, BASTARD, a species of marrubium. DITTANY, OF CRETE. See ORIGANUM. DITTANY, WHITE. See DICTAMNUS. DITTEAH, a town and fortress of Bundelcund, Ilindostan, about a mile and a half long, and nearly as much in breadth. It is populous and well-built; the houses being chiefly of stone, and tiled. It is surrounded by a stone wall and gates. On an eminence, which overlooks a handsome lake, stands the rajah's palace. The surrounding district yields an annual revenue of between £12,000 and £15,000 sterling. This place is mentioned in early history, and the rajah, who is one of the British allies, boasts of its having belonged to his family for several centuries. During the reign of Aurenzebe, Ditteah was the capital of Dhoolput Roy, a Bondelah rajah of some celebrity.

DITTO, in books of accounts, usually written Do, signifies the aforementioned. The word is corrupted from the Italian detto, the said:' as in our law-phrase, 'the said premises,' meaning the same as were before-mentioned.

DITTY, n. s. Sax. tetit; Swed. dickt; DITTIED, adj. Germ. and Dutch, dicht, from Goth. tia to show, or, according to Minsheu, from Lat. dictum, a thing said or delivered as an oration. A poem to be sung; a song. Adapted to music.

Although we lay altogether aside the consideration of ditty or matter, the very harmony of sounds being framed in due sort, and carried from the ear to the spiritual faculties of our souls, is by a native puissance and efficacy, greatly available to bring to a perfect temper whatsoever is there troubled. Hooker. Being young, I framed to the harp Many an English ditty lovely well, And gave the tongue a helpful ornament. Shakspeare.

Strike the melodious harp, shrill timbrels ring, And to the warbling lute soft ditties sing. Sandys. He, with his soft pipe, and smooth dittied song, Well knows to still the wild winds when they roar. Milton.

His annual wound in Lebanon, allured The Syrian damsels to lament his fate,

Id.

In amorous ditties, all a summer's day. They will be sighing and singing under thy inexorable windows lamentable ditties, and call thee cruel. Dryden.

DIU, or DIVIPA, THE ISLAND, an island and harbour at the southern extremity of the Gujrat Peninsula, in lat. 20° 43′ N., long. 71° The island is not above four miles long by one broad, but formerly contained a Hindoo temple, dedicated to Somnath, celebrated for its sanctity and riches. This was plundered in 1025 by sultan Mahmood of Ghizni, who sent the fragments of the image to Mecca and Medina. The Portuguese obtained possession of Diu in 1515, and were allowed by the sultan of Gujrat to fortify it, about twenty years after. In 1670, however, their establishment was surprised and plundered by the Muscut Arabs, and has since dwindled away. The island has a good port.

DIVAL, in heraldry, the herb nightshade, used by such as blazon by flowers and herbs, instead of colors and metals, for sable or black.

DIVALIA, in Roman antiquity, a feast held in honor of the goddess ANGERONA; also

called ANGERONALIA. See these articles.

DIVA'N., n. s. Arab. deuan; Turk. dovan, probably from Heb. 17, to judge. The council of Oriental princes: any council assembled.

Forth rushed in haste the great consulting peers, Raised from the dark divan, and with like joy Congratulant approached him.

Milton.

Swift to the queen the herald Medon ran, Who heard the consult of the dire divan.

Pope's Odyssey.

DIVAN, a court of justice among the eastern nations, particularly the Turks. The word signifies the same with sofa in the Turkish dialect. There are two sorts of divans; that of the grand signior, called the council of state, which consists of seven of the principal officers of the empire; and that of the grand vizier, composed of six other viziers, or counsellors of state, the chancellor, and secretaries of state, for the distribution of justice.

DIVANDUROW, the name of seven islands in the Indian Ocean, three miles north of the Maldives, and twenty-four from the coast of Malabar, almost opposite to Cananore.

DIVA'RICATE, v. a. & v. n. Į Lat. divariDIVARICA'TION, n.s catus. To divide into two; to be parted into two; to become bifid. Divarication is, division into two or more.

To take away all doubt, or any probable divarication, the curse is plainly specified.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. Dogs running before their masters, will stop at a divarication of the way, till they see which hand their masters wil. take. Ray.

A slender pipe is produced forward towards the throat, whereinto it is at last inserted, and is there divaricated, after the same manner as the spermatick vessels. Grew.

The partitions are strained across: one of them divaricates into two, and another into several small ones. Woodward.

DIVE, v. a. & v.n. Į Sax. dippan; Teut.
Di'VER, n. s. Stufan; Ital. toffo, from
Gr. CUT, to dip. To explore by diving: as a
neuter verb, to sink, or go under water;
hence, to enter deeply into a question, or into
business, and to go beyond sight or observation.
Dive, thoughts, down to my soul.
Shakspeare.
Sweet prince, the untainted virtue of your years
Hath not yet dived into the world's deceit,
Nor can distinguish.
Id. Richard III.

Crocodiles defend those pearls which lie in the
lakes: the poor Indians are eaten up by them, when
they dive for the pearl.
Raleigh's History.
I am not yet informed, whether, when a diver di-
veth, having his eyes open, and swimmeth upon his

back, he sees things in the air greater or less.

Bacon's Natural History.

The wits that dived most deep, and soared most
high,

Seeking man's powers, have found his weakness such.
Davies.

He would have him, as I conceive it, to be no superficial and floating artificer; but a diver into causes, and into the mysteries of proportion.

Wotton's Architecture.

He performs all this out of his own fund, without diving into the arts and sciences for a supply.

Dryden. Whensoever we would proceed beyond those simple ideas, and dire farther into the nature of things, we fall presently into darkness and obscurity. Locke. You should have dived into my inmost thoughts. Philips. Then Brutus, Rome's first martyr, I must name; The Curtii bravely dived the gulph of fame.

Perseverance gains the diver's prize.

Denham,

Pope's Dunciad. That the air in the blood-vessels of live bodies has a communication with the outward air, I think, seems plain, from the experiments of human creatures being able to bear air of much greater density in diving, and of much less upon the tops of mountains, provided the changes be made gradually.

Arbuthnot.

But dive into this subject as deep as thou canst. Examine thyself; and this knowledge of that which passes within thee will be of more use to thee than the knowledge of all that passes in the world.

air that can be contained in the pores of the
sponge, and how much that little will be con-
tracted by the pressure of the incumbent water
such a supply cannot long maintain the respi-
ration of the diver. It is found by experiment,
that a gallon of air included in a bladder, and
by a pipe reciprocally inspired and expired by
the lungs, becomes unfit for respiration in little
more than one minute: for though its elasticity
be but little altered in passing the lungs, yet it
A naked diver, Dr. Halley assures us, without a
loses its vivifying spirit, and is rendered effete.
sponge, cannot remain above a couple of minutes
enclosed in water, nor much longer with one,
without suffocating; nor, without long practice,
near so long: persons not accustomed to dive,
beginning to be stifled in about half a minute.
Hence, where there has been occasion to continue
long at the bottom, some have contrived double
flexible pipes, to circulate air down into a cavity,
enclosing the diver as with armour, both to fur-
nish air and to bear off the pressure of the water,
as well as to give room to his breast to dilate
upon inspiration; the fresh air being forced down
one of the pipes with bellows, and returning by
the other. But this method is impracticable when
the depth surpasses three fathoms; the water
embracing the bare limbs so closely as to obstruct
the circulation of the blood in them; and pres-
sing so strongly on all the junctures where the
armour is made tight with leather, that, if there
be the least defect in any of them, the water
rushes in, and instantly fills the whole engine, to
the great danger of the diver's life. People being
accustomed to the water from their infancy, will
however at length be enabled, not only to stay
much longer under water than the time above
mentioned, but put on a kind of amphibious
nature, so that they seem to have the use of all
their faculties as well when their bodies are im-
mersed in water as when on dry land. Most
savage nations are remarkable for this.
inhabitants of the South Sea islands are such
expert divers, that, when a nail or any piece of
iron is thrown overboard, they instantly jump
into the sea after it, and never fail to recover it,
notwithstanding the quick descent of the metal.
Even among civilized nations, many persons
have been found capable of continuing an incre-
The most

Mason.
Led by the sage, Lo! Britain's sons shall guide
Huge sea-balloons beneath the tossing tide;
The diving castles, roofed with spheric glass,
Ribbed with strong oak, and barred with bolts of dible length of time below water.

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Cowper.

To be the Table Talk of clubs up stairs, To which th' unwashed artificer repairs, To indulge his genius after long fatigue, By diving into cabinet intrigue. DIVER, in ornithology. See COLYMBUS. DIVING, the art or act of descending under water to considerable depths, and remaining there for some time. The uses of diving are very considerable, particularly in the fishing for pearls, corals, sponges, &c. Various methods have been proposed, and machines contrived, to render the business of diving more safe and easy. The great point is to furnish the diver with fresh air; without which he must either make a short stay under water or perish. Those who dive for sponges in the Mediterranean, assist themselves by carrying down sponges dipt in oil in their mouths. But considering the small quantity of

The

remarkable instance of this kind is the famous Sicilian diver Nicolo Pesce. See PESCE.

To obviate the inconveniences of diving different instruments have been contrived, of which the chief is the diving bell. The common bell is made in form of a truncated cone, the smaller base being closed, and the larger open. It is poised with lead; and so suspended, that the vessel may sink full of air, with its open basis downward, and as near as may be in a situation parallel to the horizon, so as to close with the surface of the water all at once. Under this covercle the diver sitting, sinks down with the included air to the depth desired: and if the cavity of the vessel can contain a tun of air, a single man may remain a full hour, without much inconvenience, at five or six fathoms depth. But the lower he goes, the more the included air contracts itself, according to the

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