Are now transformed into hardest stone;
Such as behind their backs (so backward bred)
Were throwne by Pyrrha and Deucalione:

And if then those may any worse be red,
They into that ere long will be degendered.

3 Let none then blame me, if, in discipline
Of vertue and of civill uses lore,
I doe not forme them to the common line
Of present dayes, which are corrupted sore,
But to the antique use which was of yore,
When good was onely for itselfe desyred,
And all men sought their owne, and none no more ;

When Iustice was not for most meed out-hyred, But simple Truth did rayne, and was of all admyred.

4 For that which all men then did vertue call,

Is now cald vice; and that which vice was hight,
Is now hight vertue, and so us’d of all :
Right now is wrong, and wrong that was is right;
As all things else in time are chaunged quight:
Ne wonder; for the heavens revolution
Is wandred farre from where it first was pight,

And so doe make contrarie constitution
Of all this lower world toward his dissolution.

5 For whoso list into the heavens looke, And search the courses of the rowling spheares,

1 Use, custom.

2 Pight, placed.

V. 1. - For whoso list, &c.] In this and the succeeding stanza, the effects of the precession of the equinoxes are correctly stated.

Shall find that from the point where they first tooke Their setting forth, in these few thousand yeares They all are wandred much ; that plaine appeares; For that same golden fleecy Ram, which bore Phrixus and Helle from their stepdames feares,

Hath now forgot where he was plast of yore, And shouldred hath the Bull which fayre Europa

bore:

6 And eke the Bull hath with his bow-bent horne

So hardly butted those two Twinnes of love,
That they have crusht the Crab, and quite him

borne
Into the great Nemæan Lions grove.
So now all range, and doe at randon rove
Out of their proper places farre

away,
And all this world with them amisse doe move,

And all his creatures from their course astray; Till they arrive at their last ruinous decay.

i Ne is that same great glorious lampe of light,

That doth enlumine all these lesser fyres,
In better case, ne keepes his course more right,
But is miscaried with the other spheres :

The points where the ecliptic cuts the equator have retrograde motion from east to west of about fifty seconds in a year. The equinoctial points were first fixed in the time of Hipparchus, since which time they have gone back nearly thirty degrees, which is the space occupied by each sign in the zodiac, so that the sun is now in the constellation Aries at the period of the year when he was formerly in Taurus, in Taurus when he was formerly in Gemini, &c. H.

For since the terme of fourteene hundred yeres,
That learned Ptolomæe bis hight did take,
He is declyned from that marke of theirs

Nigh thirtie minutes to the southerne lake;
That makes me feare in time he will us quite forsake

2 And if to those Ægyptian wisards old

(Which in star-read were wont have best insight) Faith may be given, it is by them told That since the time they first tooke the sunnes

hight, l'oure times his place he shifted hath in sight, And twice hath risen where he now doth west, And wested twice where he ought rise aright.

But most is Mars amisse of all the rest; And next to him old Saturne, that was wont be best.

y For during Saturnes ancient raigne it's sayd That all the world with goodnesse did abound; All loved vertue, no man was affrayd

1 Star-recul, knowledge of the stars.

VII. 8. — Nigh thirtie minutes, &c.] This refers to the diminution of the obliquity of the ecliptic, by which the sun recedes from the pole, and approaches the equator. The quantity of this diininution, however, is incorrectly stated, and it is probable that " thirtie” is a misprint for thirteen, which was very nearly the exact amount in Spenser's time. H.

VIII. 5. — Foure times, &c.] Herodotus states that the priests of Egypt informed him that the sun had, during the space of eleven thousand three lıundred and forty years, four times altered his regular course, having been twice observed to rise where he now sets, and to go down twice where he now rises. H.

Of force, ne fraud in wight was to be found ;
No warre

was knowne, no dreadfull trompets

sound; Peace universall rayn'd mongst men and beasts : And all things freely grew out of the ground:

Iustice sate high ador’d with solemne feasts, And to all people did divide her dred beheasts;

10 Most sacred Vertue she of all the rest,

Resembling God in his imperiall might;
Whose soveraine powre is herein most exprest,
That both to good and bad he dealeth right,
And all his workes with iustice hath bedight.
That powre he also doth to princes lend,
And makes them like himselfe in glorious sight

To sit in his owne seate, his cause to end,
And rule his people right, as he doth recommend.

11 Dread soverayne Goddesse, that doest highest sit

In seate of iudgement in th’ Almighties stead,
And with magnificke might and wondrous wit
Doest to thy people righteous doome aread,
That furthest nations filles with awfull dread,
Pardon the boldnesse of thy basest thrall,
That dare discourse of so divine a read,

As thy great iustice praysed over all ;
The instrument whereof, loe here thy Artegall.

CANTO I.

Artegall trayn'd in Iustice lore

Irenaes quest pursewed;
He doeth avenge on Sanglier

His Ladies bloud embrewed.

1

: Though vertue then were held in highest price,
In those old times of which I doe intreat,
Yet then likewise the wicked seede of vice
Began to spring; which shortly grew full great,
And with their boughes the gentle plants did beat:
But evermore some of the vertuous race
Rose up, inspired with heroicke heat,

That cropt the branches of the sient 2 base,
And with strong hand their fruitfull rancknes did de-

face.

2 Such first was Bacchus, that with furious might

All th' east, before untam’d, did over-ronne,
And wrong repressed, and establisht right
Which lawlesse men had formerly fordonne:
There Iustice first her princely rule begonne.
Next Hercules his like ensample shewed,
Who all the west with equall conquest wonne,