who were passing through the equestrian career (see below) were angusticlavii.

90. histrio. In earlier times this word denoted any kind of actor, and it is a proof of how absorbing the interest in the pantomime became, that under the Empire it is exclusively applied to dancers in these pieces. Plutarch (Quaest. Rom. 107) says that Cluvius Rufus derived the word from Hister, an Etruscan actor.

Camerinos et Bareas. The Camerini belonged to the gens Sulpicia (Sat. viii. 38). One, Sulpicius Camerinus, was sent to Athens to examine and report on Solon's laws. One of the Bareae has been mentioned in Sat. iii. 116. He was a man of wealth and influence. They belonged to the gens Servilia.

91. magna atria; perhaps at the morning salutatio, a duty of which Martial often complains.

92. Pelopea. Philomela, the names of pantomimic texts (fabulae salticae). The whole force of the passage would be lost by supposing them to be tragedies. The point is, that real poems find no patronage, and that poets, to get a living, must prostitute their powers by supplying the leading pantomimes with texts; while, at the same time, cutting allusion is made to the amount of influence which these 'artistes' possessed.

praefectos tribunos. The auxiliary cohorts were commanded usually by praefecti, unless they were milliariae, i.e. containing 1000 instead of 500 men, in which case their commanders were tribuni. Those who entered, as Juvenal probably did, on the equestris militia began as centurions, and were then successively primipili, praefecti cohortis, tribuni legionis, and praefecti alac, promotion in each case depending very greatly on favour. Sometimes a man might not gain the post of primipilus till he was sixty. See Sat. xiv. 197.

93. Haud tamen invideas vati, etc. Nevertheless, though Statius may now and again receive a handsome sum for one of these pieces, it is an uncertain livelihood, because there are no patrons among the nobility, as there once were.

94. Maecenas. How Maecenas was the patron of the Augustan poets, and in particular of Vergil and Horace, is well known. Martial often sighs for such a patron. See viii. 56, i. 107, etc.

Proculeius, the same man as that mentioned by Horace, Od. ii. 2, 5, "vivet extento Proculeius aevo notus in fratres animi

paterni."

95. Fabius, probably the Fabius Maximus to whom Ovid addresses several letters from Tomi, and from whom he had received much encouragement.

Cotta; mentioned in Sat. v. 109. He was another patron of Ovid, who calls him "Pieridum lumen praesidiumque fori.' He was a son of the orator Messalla Corvinus, and was adopted into the Aurelian gens, of which Cotta was a cognomen.

Lentulus, probably Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, who was himself a writer of some repute. See Plin. Ep. v. 3, 5; Suet. Calig. 8.

97. vinum toto nescire Decembri. The month of December was sacred to Saturn, while the Saturnalia fell on the 19th and lasted seven days. This was a season of general festivity; no work was done by day, illuminations took place at night, the toga was generally laid aside, and carousals were long and frequent. Poets who wished to continue their work would probably have to leave Rome, as Horace says he did, Sat. ii. 3, 4, 'At ipsis Saturnalibus huc fugisti." Martial speaks of the Saturnalia as "madidis diebus.'

66

66

99. perit. . . olei plus. Conf. Plaut. Poen. i. 2, 119, et oleum et operam perdere"; and Auson. Epigr. 34, 5. perit = "is wasted"; the reading of P. is more forcible than the old petit.

100. millesima pagina. The pagina (pango) was a strip of paper made out of thin layers of the papyrus bark pressed together, and usually from six to thirteen inches wide. The various paginae were fastened each on to the bottom of the preceding one, thus making one long roll many feet in length.~ A voluminous history might easily extend to the thousandth page.

surgit. Each fresh pagina, being affixed to the bottom of the roll, may be said to rise.

101. multa damnosa papyro, ruinous through the quantity of papyrus used. Though not so expensive as parchment, the papyrus used in a large work would be a serious item.

102. operum lex. Conf. Hor. Ep. ii. 3, 135. 104. acta legenti = actuario. The acta diurna were daily records of public events of interest, such as the proceedings of the comitia and the senate, births or deaths in illustrious families, and other events of the kind. The actuarius copied these out, and, as Prof. Mayor supposes, sometimes read them aloud. The opposition is here between "historico," one who deals with the great events of the past, and "acta," the petty details and gossip of the present. Conf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 31.

106. causidicis, petty pleaders. Cicero, de Orat. i. 46, 202, contemptuously distinguishes them from an "orator." Martial, iv. 46, speaks of Sabellus, a causidicus who depended on the presents he received at the Saturnalia.

civilia ...

officia, the ordinary phrase for the services of

lawyers, which were originally supposed to be gratuitous, though they afterwards, like those of the clients, received definite payment. Pliny (Ep. vi. 32) has "ratio civilium officiorum."

107. libelli, his documents.

108. magna sonant: "talk big," i.e. brag about their fees; so that the creditor, thinking he is well off, may be forbearing.

109. acrior illo, some one still more eager than he, i.e. than the creditor. This probably refers to an intending client, whose business is explained in the next line, and who will be content to pay a higher fee if he thinks his lawyer is in good practice.

110. venit ad, comes after, i.e. to get.

μετά.

dubium

The prep. ad is like

nomen, a doubtful debt. nomen was properly the name under which a debt was entered in the books. So "bona nomina," ""certa nomina.

112. conspuiturque sinus. It was a custom to spit on the breast after boasting to avoid Nemesis.

Veram deprendere messem, "to find out the real fruit of their labours.'

114. solum (patrimonium), the single fortune.

...

russati. Lacernae. Lacerna, the charioteer of the Red. One of the most favourite amusements of the Roman people, both before and after the foundation of the Empire, was the chariot race in the Circus Maximus. These spectacles, like the gladiatorial shows and the venationes of the amphitheatre, were defrayed either by the magistrates or by private individuals, and the cost must have been immense. As, however, these individuals could hardly themselves provide all the horses, chariots, and other apparatus necessary, there grew up companies of capitalists, mostly from the Equestrian order, who kept an immense plant of all these things, which they then supplied on contract to those who provided the entertainment. As four chariots usually competed in a race, four companies existed, each of which assumed a particular colour, green, red, white, and blue, and were hence called "factiones." The existence of these companies immensely increased the excitement of the people, who to a man were partisans of one or other of the factions, and the interest lay not in which horses or charioteers won, but to which faction they belonged. As Pliny says (Ep. ix. 6), "favent panno, pannum amant. . . et si hic color illuc, ille huc transferatur. agitatores illos, equos illos . . . quorum clamitant nomina, relinquent. The wild excitement of the huge crowd defies description; they had few political interests, and the emperors were astute enough to encourage the interest in the circus, which might have otherwise found a more danger

ous vent. The once sovereign people cared for nothing but panem et Circenses." The four factions had huge stables near the Circus Flaminius. The emperors themselves became partisans―Vitellius of the blue, Caligula, Nero, and Domitian of the green. See Sat. xi. 198. The charioteers employed by the factions were paid immense sums. Martial says that Scorpus, another famous driver, in a single hour gained "quindecim graves auri saccos, x. 74, 5-6; see also iv. 67.

115. consedere duces, etc., a parody of Ovid's account (Met. xiii. 1) of the contest between Ajax and Ulysses for the armour of Achilles.

116. dubia pro libertate. The causidicus is supposed to be pleading for some one claimed as a slave in a causa liberalis.

bubulco iudice. The iudices under the empire were no longer chosen solely from the senators and equites. Any one might serve who had never been convicted of a criminal act. 117. iecur. See note on Sat. i. 37.

118. virides, scalarum gloria, palmae. Victorious advocates were often conducted home in triumph by the friends of their client, and palm branches fastened over their doors. Conf. Mart. vii. 28, 5-6, “Sic fora mirentur, sic te palatia_laudent, excolat et geminos plurima palma fores." A poor pleader living in a garret might have his staircase adorned instead.

119. siccus petasunculus, etc. Conf. in Mart. iv. 46 the list of presents made at the Saturnalia by his clients to Sabellus. Also Persius, iii. 75, "et piper et pernae, Marsi monumenta clientis."

120. pelamydum, young tunny-fish.

Afrorum epimenia, "the monthly rations of the Moorish slaves.' The Latin word was menstrua. Conf. Hor. Ep. i. 14, 40, “urbana diaria," daily rations.

121. vinum Tiberi devectum, such as the Veientanum, or Pelignum, which, like the Vaticanum, were all very inferior. Conf. Mart. x. 45, "Vaticana bibis? bibis venenum. The Campanian or foreign wines would be carried up the Tiber.

122. aureus unus. An aureus was equivalent to 100 sesterces. It was only legal for pleaders to receive regular fees since the time of Claudius, who made ten sestertia the maximum, see "quantum licet" below, Tac. Ann. xi. 7. Before that time payments had been forbidden by the lex Cincia.

123. inde cadunt partes. . . pragmaticorum, "from that sum (aureus unus) is deducted the share of the attorneys.' The pragmatici supplied the technical knowledge of the law to the causidici. Conf. Quint. xii. 3, 4.

124. Aemilio, any noble pleader.

quantum licet, as much as is allowed by law (see supra), i.e. ten sestertia. This is better than quantum libet.

125. huius enim stat currus aeneus, "for belonging to him there stands," etc. The chariot was one handed down from his triumphal ancestors.

126. in vestibulis. The vestibulum was not a part of the house, but a vacant space towards the street, enclosed by the main building and ianua in the middle, and by the two wings on the right and left, thus

Ianua.

Wings of House.

Vestibulum.

Wings of House.

Conf. Verg. Aen. vii. 177, Quin etiam veterum effigies ex ordine rerum . . . vestibulo adstabant." The derivation of vestibulum is ve-stare-ve meaning "outside"; as, e.g., vecors =

excors.

ipse feroci bellatore sedens, an equestrian statue of himself, probably erected by a client-a custom which we learn from Martial and Pliny was not uncommon.

128. meditatur proelia, practises battle. Conf. "meditari carmina." Conf. Sat. iv. 112.

lusca. No reference is intended to one eye being shut to take aim. It simply refers to the ordinary appearance of a statue in which the eye is not worked out.

129. Sic Pedo conturbat (sc. rationes), "becomes bankrupt." sic, i.e. through trying to vie with Aemilius.

Matho. Conf. "lectica Mathonis plena ipso," Sat. i. 32. 130. Tongilii. Martial, ii. 42, says, omnes Tongilium

medici iussere lavari."

rhinocerote, horn of oil, the same as "gutto" in Sat. iii. 263. 131. vexat lutulenta balnea turba, because, like many others, he goes to the baths attended by a crowd of clients.

132. longo.. assere, the carrying-pole of the lectica, probably attached to it by rings.

Maedos, a tribe of Thracians on the Strymon. Syrians were often used. Conf. Mart. ix. 23, 9, "ut Canusinatus nostro Syrus assere sudet." Liburnians in Sat. iii. 240.

133. murrhina. The material of these cups has been much disputed. Pliny says it came from the East, and was found in many parts of the Parthian kingdom. It was in all probability a red and white agate, numerous bowls of which material have been discovered. This was boiled sometimes in order to bring