awarded for livestock, agricultural products, and the handiwork of women. These fairs are interesting events and are liberally supported by the merchants of Tucson. One of the principal occupations of the Papagos was the trade in salt. All the Piman tribes went to the coast for salt, but the Papagos seem to have specialized in these expeditions. The salt is found in saline deposits on the Gulf of California, west of Pinacate. Large amounts were brought to the vicinity of Tucson for smelter operations in the period 1850 to 1870. The Papagos traded chiefly, however, with the Pimas of Gila Valley. Russell 33 gives the following list of articles of trade which the Papagos brought to the Pimas at the time of the June harvest: Sahuaro-seeds, dried fruit, and sirup. Tci aldi-a small hard cactus fruit. Wild-gourd seeds. Small pepper. Acorns from the Bellota oak. Prickly-pear sirup. Baskets of agave leaf. Sleeping mats. Carrying baskets and fiber to make them. Maguey fiber for picket lines. Dried meat of deer, mountain sheep, and cows. Tallow, deer and beef. Cheese. Buckskin. Livestock. Red and yellow ocher. Buff-colored ocher for baskets. Salt. In exchange for products and labor in the harvest the Pimas gave Wheat. Corn. Beans. Mesquite beans and meal. Cotton blankets and fiber. Dried squash, melon, and pumpkin. 1. Rings of willow splints and devil's claw for baskets. The Areneños, or Sand Papagos, were a division of the Papagos who lived west of the Growler Mountains and spent a large part of their time in the sandy country of the Pinacate region of Sonora. Their native name was Hiatit Ŏotam ("sand people "). They probably numbered about 150 at the most, but about 1851 they were attacked by an epidemic in which all but four families perished. It Russell, Frank, The Pima Indians: Bur. Am. Ethnology Twenty-sixth Ann. Rept., p. 93, 1908. is said that they were also decimated by military expeditions of the Mexican Government. A few survivors of the Sand Papagos are to be found near Ajo, in Sonoita, and scattered in other Papago rancherías. The principal headquarters were at Hotúnikat ("sunset"), south of the Pinacate Mountains. The existence of these people depended on their knowledge of the few places in the mountains where there are tanks and of the localities on the seashore where water may be had by digging. In hot weather they caught jack rabbits by running them down in the sand. They killed mountain sheep, mule deer, and antelope with bow and arrows. They ate lizards and probably, as the Seris do to this day, nearly anything else found alive or dead. At certain seasons they went to the coast for fish. They probably had one small temporal or field, but their principal vegetable food was the camote (Amnobroma sonorae), an edible root found in the sand dunes, which they knew how to obtain at all seasons. They ate also the fruits of sahuaro and pitohaya and ground the beans of mesquite and the seeds of palo fierro for pinole. Mortars in solid rock, called "béchete" or "péchita" holes, are found near all watering places and testify to the activity of these people. (See Pl. V, B.) Except in being more intractable than the other Papagos, they differed from them very little in custom or speech. Spanish missionary enterprise produced its first effect on the Papagos with the journeys of Father Eusebio Kino, an Austrian Jesuit, whose activities have been reviewed on pages 7-13. Yearly and sometimes oftener from 1691 to 1702 he journeyed through the country, preaching the gospel, introducing horses, cattle, and chickens, and encouraging house building. (See Pls. V, A, and XXII, A.) Valuable as the introduction of domestic animals and the art of house building was to the Papagos, the gain was more than offset by the loss through Apache raids. In the late sixties and seventies American settlers came to find mines or establish stock ranches. They immediately improved the springs or seeps used by the Indians and in many places dug new wells. Each white man's camp had its near-by Papago camp dépendent on the new or improved water supply. The Indians worked for wages when work was to be had-and the Papago is a good worker-or pilfered and begged when there was no work. As the prospects usually did not become mines, the white men moved away and the Indians inherited the watering places. Even successful mines like the Weldon, where at one time there was a town of 11,000 people, had a relatively short life. When the ore was exhausted the white men moved away. San Antone, a winter ranchería with a few Papago families, remains as the successor of Weldon. Covered Wells, Alamo, and several other villages are dependent on wells dug by white miners. The white stockmen were fewer in number than the miners, but they also generally failed and moved away, partly because of poor range and partly perhaps because of poor management. In addition they had to contend with the sullen opposition of Papago cattlemen and with the Papago belief that cows were made to eat. Pozo Redondo is a winter ranchería founded on the site of such an abandoned ranch and is dependent on the well dug by a member of the well-known Redondo family of Yuma. Kukomalik has a similar history. The Fresnal and Ventana ranches were supplied by bored wells whose machinery the Indians could not operate or replace, else doubtless the same thing would have happened when these ranches were abandoned. The Indian Service has now installed a pumping plant at the well on the Fresnal ranch, and under white supervision it can be maintained. A winter ranchería will probably spring up, and the history of Pozo Redondo will be repeated. The Papagos are much as they were when first found by the Spanish, except that they wear white men's clothes and use wagons, horses, and many iron tools. They no longer hunt, for the big game is too scarce to make hunting profitable, but they do raise cattle. This industry promises to grow, but the people still mainly depend on floodwater farming. Around the fields or temporals are villages composed of more or less permanent houses called summer rancherías. From the Mexicans or Americans the Indians learned to build small dams with basins behind them to store flood water for drinking. These represos are to be found at almost every temporal. They supplement the charcos and enable the people to remain long enough to harvest the crop. The water is, however, usually muddy and often foul. As the summer rains begin the people migrate from the winter rancherías, near permanent water, to the temporals, and they return. in the autumn. The Indian Service has drilled a number of deep wells at summer rancherías, and these new sources of water may eventually break up the system of migration. This brief description of the life of the Papago Indians shows that they are great travelers. It is practically impossible to find a place where diligent search will not reveal the former presence of the Papagos. Potsherds, broken stones, mortars, and remains of camps are common at every watering place. Formerly they went afoot, but now they go on horseback or by wagons. There are in consequence many roads, most of which follow the old foot trails and thus pass every available watering place, however infrequently it may hold water. Most of these watering places are small charcos. As many of these as were found are shown on the map, though many of them are of little value to the traveler. The roads are a perfect maze in the vicinity of the villages or rancherías. From each of the scattered houses there is a road to every other house and to every near-by ranchería. Only at some distance from the village do these roads combine. At certain rancherías also cattle are watered either from wells or from ponds. The daily trampling of cattle often obliterates wagon tracks over the whole area of the village, and the stranger has much difficulty in getting out of a village and onto the right road. The road logs of these localities have been made as full as possible, but the traveler who has studied the map and knows the direction in which he is going may follow any track in that direction and be reasonably sure of coming into the right road. Ordinarily the Indians drive around obstacles and do no work on roads. Some work is done, however, on the roads around their winter rancherías in the mountains. The other roads are simple wagon tracks or natural highways. A few Indians use broad-gage wagons, or the axle has been sprung so as to give the wagon an excessively broad gage. Unfortunate is the automobilist who follows a road made by such a wagon. CLIMATE The climate of the Papago country is marked by high temperature and low rainfall. The summer heat is intense; it often passes 100° F. and at times reaches 120° F., as measured by thermometers placed in the shade. The dryness of the air and the consequent cooling of the body by rapid evaporation, however, make these high temperatures bearable. The usual occupations can be carried on if an adequate amount of water is provided to replace the moisture lost so rapidly from the body by evaporation. The high temperatures favor a long growing season. At Yuma killing frosts rarely if ever occur except in the lower parts of the valley. Farther east each winter has a few killing frosts, and at Tucson there is a distinct though mild winter. The range in temperature, both daily and seasonal, is very large. The absolute range for several stations is given in the following table, which, with other weather data given below, is derived from the published records of the United States Weather Bureau: Highest and lowest temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit, recorded at certain stations in the Papago country The mean temperature for the same stations is given below: Mean temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, at certain stations in the Papago country Length An Station record Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. nual The daily range in temperature is very high and probably as high in winter as in summer. The effect of these changes is discussed on page 81. In the following table the maximum range of temperature for each month of 1921 is given for three stations: Maximum daily range in temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, for 1921 at three stations in the Papago country Station Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. The winds of the region are not notably strong, though occasionally winds reach high velocities. The average wind movement and direction at three stations is shown in the following table: Average hourly wind movement and direction at stations in the Papago country Movement (miles per hour) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. An nual The very low rainfall is the chief characteristic of the climate of the Papago country. In a general way the portions at the lowest altitudes have the least rain. Yuma, at an altitude of 141 feet, has a |