CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAILWAY CO. v. WRIGHT. ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEBRASKA. No. 167. Argued November 30, 1915.—Decided January 10, 1916. Taking an engine from one State to another, although only for repairs, is an act of interstate commerce. North Carolina R. R. v. Zachary, 232 U. S. 259. Where the employé sustains injury while the company was engaged in interstate commerce and he was employed in such commerce, the responsibility of the company is governed by the Federal Employers' Liability Act, which is exclusive and supersedes state laws upon the same subject, and it is error to submit the case to the jury as if the state laws were controlling. Wabash R. R. v. Hayes, 234 U. S. 86. Error which is not prejudicial affords no ground for reversal; and where, as in this case, it appears that the employer was not prejudiced by the difference between the Federal Employers' Liability Act which did control, and the Nebraska Law on that subject which had been superseded by the Federal Act, the judgment should not be reversed. No prejudice can result to an employer from instructions being more favorable in regard to contributory negligence under the state law than if they had been given under the Federal Employers' Liability Act which controlled, and the giving of instructions under the state law under such circumstances does not deny defendant a Federal right. The evidence in this case as to the existence and constructions of, and compliance with, rules in regard to speed of engines within the yard limits justified the submission of the question of negligence to the jury. 96 Nebraska, 87, affirmed. THE facts, which involve the validity of a verdict and judgment under the Employers' Liability Act, are stated in the opinion. Mr. E. P. Holmes, with whom Mr. Paul E. Walker was on the brief, for plaintiff in error. Mr. George W. Berge, with whom Mr. Halleck F. Rose was on the brief, for defendant in error. 239 U.S. Opinion of the Court. MR. JUSTICE VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the court. This was an action against a railroad company by personal representatives to recover for the death of their intestate, an employé of the company, resulting from a collision of two locomotives on the company's railroad at Lincoln, Nebraska. One of the locomotives was a switch engine returning to the city from an adjacent transfer track, and the other a road engine on the way to a distant repair shop. The former was in charge of a switching crew and the latter of an engine crew in which the intestate was the engineer. At the place of the collision the track is in a deep and curved cut which shortens the view along the track. The causal negligence set up in the petition included allegations that the defendant negligently failed to provide a suitable rule regulating the speed and movement of switch engines through the cut; that the switch engine was being run through the cut at a negligent, reckless and dangerous rate of speed and without its engineer having it under control, and that when the employés in charge of it came within view of the other engine they negligently jumped to the ground without reversing their engine or attempting to stop it, notwithstanding it reasonably and safely could have been stopped in time to prevent the collision. The answer denied all that was alleged in the petition and charged the intestate with gross contributory negligence and an assumption of the risk. The petition described the road engine as moving from one point to another in Nebraska, and said nothing about interstate commerce, but the answer alleged that this engine was being taken to a point in another State and that the defendant was engaged and the intestate was employed in interstate commerce. At the trial the evidence disclosed that the defendant was operating a railroad extending through Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa and other Opinion of the Court. 239 U. S. States; that the road engine was on the way from Phillipsburg, Kansas, to Council Bluffs, Iowa; that the train order under which the intestate was proceeding at the time read, "Engine 1486 will run extra Fairbury to Albright," both points being in Nebraska, and that when Albright was reached another order was to be given covering the remainder of the trip. Notwithstanding the allegation in the answer and this evidence, the court submitted the case to the jury as if it were controlled by the Employers' Liability Act of Nebraska and not by the act of Congress. The plaintiffs had a verdict and judgment and the latter was affirmed by the Supreme Court of the State. 94 Nebraska, 317; 96 Nebraska, 87. The defendant prosecutes this writ of error. It is entirely clear that taking the road engine from Phillipsburg, Kansas, to Council Bluffs, Iowa, was an act of interstate commerce, and that the intestate, while participating in that act, was employed in such commerce. That the engine was not in commercial use but merely on the way to a repair shop is immaterial. It was being taken from one State to another and this was the true test of whether it was moving in interstate commerce. See North Carolina R. R. v. Zachary, 232 U. S. 248, 259. The courts of the State rested their decision to the contrary upon the train order under which the intestate was proceeding and upon the decisions in Chicago & Northwestern Ry. v. United States, 168 Fed. Rep. 236, and United States v. Rio Grande Western Ry., 174 Fed. Rep. 399. In this they misconceived the meaning of the train order and the effect of the decisions cited. The order was given by a division train dispatcher and meant that between the points named therein the engine would have the status of an extra train, and not that it was going merely from one of those points to the other. The cases cited arose under the Safety Appliance Acts of Congress and what was decided was that those acts were not in 239 U.S. Opinion of the Court. tended to penalize a carrier for hauling to an adjacent and convenient place of repair a car with defective appliances, when the sole purpose of the movement was to have the defect corrected, and the car was hauled alone and not in connection with other cars in commercial use. It was not held or suggested that such a hauling from one State to another was not a movement in interstate commerce, but only that it was not penalized by those acts. As the injuries resulting in the intestate's death were sustained while the company was engaged, and while he was employed by it, in interstate commerce, the company's responsibility was governed by the Employers' Liability Act of Congress, c. 149, 35 Stat. 65, c. 143, 36 Stat. 291, and as that act is exclusive and supersedes state laws upon the subject, it was error to submit the case to the jury as if the state act were controlling. Wabash R. R. v. Hayes, 234 U. S. 86, 89, and cases cited. But error affords no ground for reversal where it is not prejudicial, and here it is plain that the company was not prejudiced. While there are several differences between the state act and the act of Congress, the only difference having a present bearing is one relating to contributory negligence. The state act declares that in cases where the employé's negligence is slight and that of the employer is gross in comparison, the former's negligence shall not bar a recovery, but shall operate to diminish the damages proportionally. In other cases contributory negligence remains a bar as at common law. Comp. Stat., 1907, § 2803b; Cobbey's Ann. Stat. 1911, § 10592. The act of Congress, on the other hand, declares that the employé's negligence shall not bar a recovery in any case, but shall operate to diminish the damages proportionally in all cases, save those of a designated class, of which this is not one. Thus, it will be seen that the state act is more favorable to the employer than is the act of Congress. The instructions to the jury followed the state Opinion of the Court. 239 U. S. act and consequently were more favorable to the company than they would have been had they followed the act of Congress. To illustrate, under the instructions given a finding that the intestate's injuries were caused by concurring negligence of the company and himself and that his negligence was more than slight and the company's less than gross must have resulted in a verdict for the company, while under instructions following the act of Congress such a finding must have resulted in a verdict for the plaintiffs with the damages proportionally diminished. Of course, no prejudice could have resulted to the company from the instructions being more favorable to it than they should have been under the controlling law. The company requested a directed verdict in its favor on the ground that there was no evidence of any negligence whereon it could be held responsible for the intestate's death, but the request was denied and the Supreme Court of the State sustained the ruling. In this it is contended that the company was denied a Federal right, that is, the right to be shielded from responsibility under the act of Congress when an essential element of such responsibility is entirely wanting. See St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. v. McWhirter, 229 U. S. 265, 275, 277; Seaboard Air Line v. Padgett, 236 U. S. 668, 673. The collision was on the main track and within the outer portion of the yard limits at Lincoln. At that point the track was in a deep and curved cut which made the view along the track from an engine passing in either direction comparatively short. The intestate was proceeding to a distant point under an order which gave his engine the status of an extra train, and the switching crew were returning to the city with their engine after completing some switching work at an adjacent transfer track. The switching crew knew the extra was in the yard and that they might meet it while going through the cut, for the engineer in that crew testified: "Q. What did he [the fire |