متنا for the fates depelluntur. Montanus patri concessus est, praedicto ne in re publica haberetur, accusatoribus Eprio et Cossutiano quin- 4 quagiens sestertium singulis, Ostorio duodeciens et quaestoria insignia tribuuntur. 5 34. Tum ad Thraseam in hortis agentem quaestor consulis 1 missus vesperascente iam die. inlustrium virorum feminarumque 2 coetum frequentem egerat, maxime intentus Demetrio Cynicae His further history appears to be un- 1. patri concessus est, 'was forgiven praedicto, injunction being given' (cp. 13. 36, 1, and note). This participle is here alone thus used in abl. abs. (see Introd. i. v. § 31 a). ne in re publica haberetur. This 2. quinquagiens, five million H.S.: 3. quaestoria insignia. Ostorius, 6 5. in hortis agentem: see the charge aimed at him in c. 27, 3. quaestor consulis. Each consul had attached to him in old times one quaestor, and from 716, B. C. 38, two (Dio, 48. 43, 1), chosen in old times by lot (Cic. pro Sest. 3, 8), but at this time by selection (Plin. Ep. 4. 15, 6-13), and 1 apparently continuing throughout the year in office, notwithstanding change of consuls (Id. 8. 23, 5). For further account of them see Momms. Staatsr. ii. 567, foll. As the consuls presided at the trial (c. 30, 4), their quaestors would be the proper persons to communicate the sentence to the accused. From the expression (palav Tòv Taμíav ènì dikaiwσei avтοû náрovтa) in Dio's account (58. 4, 6) of the death of Fufius Geminus (see 5. 2, 2), it would also appear that the quaestor had to see the sentence executed, as he in in fact did in the case of Thrasea (c. 35, 2). 6. vesperascente die: cp. ' vesperascit' (Ter. Heaut. 2. 3, 7). On the variety of expressions used by Tacitus for this fact see Introd. i. v. § 93. 7. coetum frequentem: so Halm, Dr., Pfitzn, after Ritt., for the Med. 'coetus frequentem.' Other MSS. and edd. correct this to 'coetus frequentes,' taking the plural of the separate groups composing the whole assemblage; as Suet. (Cal. 32) uses 'coetus epulantium' of the guests grouped at each table. egerat = 'coëgerat.' Dr. compares 'multis millibus armatorum actis ex ea regione' (Liv. 44. 31, 11). Demetrio. This philosopher is frequently mentioned with great admiration by Seneca, who in one place (de Ben. 7. 8, 2) speaks of him as raised up to instruct and reproach the age, in another (Ep. 20, 9) calls him non praeceptor veri sed testis'; and again says (Ep. 62, 3), quidni admirer? Vidi nihil ei deesse." Philostratus, who speaks of him (Vit. Ap. 4. 25) as teaching at Corinth, and as a strong opponent of Apollonius, calls him ἀνὴρ συνειληφὼς πᾶν τὸ ἐν Κυνικῇ κράτος. We find him in H. 4. 40, 5 stooping unworthily to defend Egnatius Celer (see c. 32, 2); but he is noted for having said to Nero (Arr. Ep. 1. 25, 22), dweiλeis μοι θάνατον, σοὶ δ ̓ ἡ φύσις, and for free speech to Vespasian, who replied kúva ὑλακτοῦντα οὐ φονεύω, but exiled him institutionis doctori, cum quo, ut coniectare erat intentione vultus et auditis, si qua clarius proloquebantur, de natura animae et dissociatione spiritus corporisque inquirebat, donec advenit Domitius Caecilianus ex intimis amicis et ei quid senatus cen3 suisset exposuit. igitur flentes queritantesque qui aderant 5 facessere propere Thrasea neu pericula sua miscere cum sorte damnati hortatur, Arriamque temptantem mariti suprema et exemplum Arriae matris sequi monet retinere vitam filiaeque communi subsidium unicum non adimere. 1 35. Tum progressus in porticum illic a quaestore reperitur, 10 with other philosophers in 824, A. D. 71 (Dio, 66. 13, 3 ; Suet. Vesp. 13). Cynicae institutionis. This school, which had been the precursor of the Stoic, but had been eclipsed by it, at this time and afterwards regained some prominence. See Juv. 13, 121, and the passages there cited by Mayor. I. coniectare erat, for licebat': cp. 'ex quo est coniectare' (Gell. 6. 6, 11). Nipp. notes that the only other prose instances of this Graecism, so frequent in Latin poets, are est videre' (G. 5, 4) and 'negare sit' (Liv. 42. 41, 2). intentione, 'the earnestness'; in the only other passage in which it is used by Tacitus (Dial. 14, 1): suspicatus ex ipsa intentione singulorum, altiorem inter eos esse sermonem.' 2. auditis, si qua, etc., 'from hearing such words as.' 3. dissociatione, used only here and in Pl. N. H. 6. 1, 1, 2; 7. 13, 11, 57. Such subjects of discussion would not only be natural to the occasion, but suggested by the example of the last hours of Socrates as described in the Phaedo, and, as is implied by the contrast drawn in c. 19, 3 (where see note), were usual in the last hours of men of intellect and character. The belief of Thrasea on immortality may be gathered from the saying quoted in note on c. 35, 3; that of Tacitus from Agr. 46, 1. 4. Domitius Caecilianus, not elsewhere mentioned. 5. queritantes: so in Med. and other MSS. and most edd. The frequentative 'queritor' is only known in the participle, and even in that form questioned. Its use in the fifth century by Paulinus Nolanus gives but slender authority for it, and, though it occurs in MSS. of Liv. 39. 8. 8; 10, 7; 40. 9, 7; and in MSS. and all older edd. of Plin. Pan. 29 ('nequiquam queritantibus sociis '), it has been altered 6. facessere, here alone in Tacitus in neu. Nipp. reads 'nec'; but the construction is less harsh than that of neu mortem' in I. 35, 2, and may be defended by the imperative character of the sentence. For the infin. with 'hortari' cp. that with monet' (as in II. 1, 2, etc.) below, and others in Introd. i. v. § 43. 8. Arriae matris. Her mother (whose name she bore) had voluntarily shared the death of her husband Caecina Paetus, condemned for his share in the conspiracy of Camillus Scribonianus against Claudius in 795, A. D. 42 (Dio, 60. 16, 6). Her heroism in dying first to inspirit her husband, and her words, 'Paete, non dolet,' have been made famous by Pliny (Ep. 3. 16, 6) and Martial (1. 14). The old Life of Persius states that he was related to the younger Arria, and through her enjoyed much of the society of Thrasea. The latter had married her before the death of her mother, whom he also endeavoured to turn from her purpose (Plin. 1. 1. 10). This Arria lived to share the exile of her daughter Fannia (on whom see note on c. 28, 2), when the latter was banished for the third time (Pl. Epp. 7. 19, 4) under Domitian, and her stepson the younger Helvidius put to death (Id. 3. 11, 3), and to return with her under Nerva (Id. 9. 13, 5). que ... non = laetitiae propior, quia Helvidium generum suum Italia tantum arceri cognoverat. accepto dehinc senatus consulto Helvidium 2 et Demetrium in cubiculum inducit; porrectisque utriusque brachii venis, postquam cruorem effudit, humum super spargens, 5 proprius vocato quaestore 'libamus' inquit 'Iovi liberatori. specta, 3 iuvenis; et omen quidem di prohibeant, ceterum in ea tempora natus es, quibus firmare animum expediat constantibus exemplis.' post lentitudine exitus graves cruciatus adferente, obversis in Demetrium *** 6. iuvenis. It is natural to suppose the quaestor (who need not have been more than twenty-five years old) to be here addressed. Some take the words as spoken to Helvidius, who, if he was trib. pleb. ten years earlier (see 13. 28, 5), could not have been less than thirty-seven, but might nevertheless be a youth to Thrasea. 8. cruciatus. See the description of Seneca's death (15. 63, 6). obversis in Demetrium. The next word must have been 'oculis,' unless we are to read 'obversus,' with Acid. The Schol. on Juv. (1.1.) adds (after the words quoted above), atque singulis amicis oscula offerens exanimatus est.' Other of his last sayings are given : σήμερον ἀναιρεθῆναι θέλω μᾶλλον ἢ αὔριον φυγαδευθῆναι (Arr. Epict. 1. 1, 26), and 8 Népwv åñoκτεῖναι μέν με δύναται, ἀπολέσαι δὲ οὐ dúvarai (Dio, Fr. Sturz. vol. ix. p. 102: Dind. vol. v. p. 193). TAYLOR INSTITUT STION UNIVERSITY OXFORD BRARY * APPENDIX III. SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS BETWEEN THE END OF BOOK XVI. AND THE DEATH OF NERO. NOTE. Besides the usual sources of information, many obligations are here to be acknowledged to Mommsen's der letzte Kampf der Römischen Republic' (Hermes xiii. 1878, 90-105), also to the introduction and notes in Mr. Hardy's edition of Plutarch's Lives of Galba and Otho. THE arrival of Tiridates in Rome must have been coincident with the trial of Thrasea and Soranus 1. His journey from the East, with all the vast retinue of royal state2 and a large bodyguard both of Parthian and of Roman troops, had taken him no less than nine months, and cost an unprecedented sum 3. He had journeyed by land, crossing no other sea than the Hellespont, and entering Italy at the north 5, whence he was conducted to Nero's presence at Neapolis, and attended games celebrated at Puteoli with great magnificence by the freedman Patrobius. After this, Nero escorted him to Rome, where the whole population flocked to greet him. The great ceremony took place in the Forum, where Tiridates knelt before Nero, delivered as hostages his own sons and those of his brothers Vologeses and Pacorus, and of the Adiabenian prince Monobazus, and did homage in terms of the utmost submission; in return for which Nero solemnly gave him the kingdom of Armenia, and placed the diadem on his head. After this, special games were held by decree of 1 See 16. 23, 3; 24, I. 2 Dio says (63. 2, 1), 'H Oepamela τε παρασκευὴ ἡ βασιλικὴ πᾶσα αὐτῷ συνηκολούθει, τρισχίλιοί τε ἱππεῖς τῶν Πάρθων καὶ χωρὶς ἕτεροι Ρωμαίων συχνοὶ συνείπOVTO. It is added that his wife also accompanied him. Dio, 63. 2, 2. The daily expense, borne apparently by the Roman treasury, is reckoned at 200,000 drachmae (800,000 H.S.): see also Suet. Ner. 39. On the reason for this see note on 15. 24, 3. All the following particulars are given in Dio, 63. 2-7; some also in Suet. Ner. 13. On this prince see 15. 1, 3, etc. 7 See Introd. p. 124, 7. the senate; the theatre being gorgeously decorated for the occasion, and Nero again making public exhibition of all his accomplishments. Tiridates was dismissed with most costly presents1, and permitted to rebuild Artaxata, for which purpose a large number of workmen followed his retinue. He took a different route from that by which he had arrived, crossing from Brundusium to Dyrrhachium, and visiting the cities of Asia. Some restriction was placed by Corbulo on his train of workmen, but he was able to rebuild his capital, and is said to have called it after his patron 2. This year also saw the commencement of the great Jewish rebellion, arising in reality from long-standing causes of discontent, but immediately occasioned by the tyranny of the procurator Gessius Florus. whose acts are thought to show even a desire to provoke an outbreak *. He had endeavoured to extort a fine of seventeen talents from the Temple treasure, and on disturbance arising, had massacred some 3600 persons; and soon afterwards a large number of citizens had been trampled to death or otherwise maltreated by his soldiers, who had entered the city with him in a purposely truculent manner. Notwithstanding this, the people had been kept in hand by the earnest efforts of the High Priest and others; and Florus had departed, leaving a cohort in the palace of Herod in the Upper City, besides the usual garrison in the castle of Antonia. But the Zealots now became more preponderant. Herod Agrippa, who had addressed the people and urged submission even to Florus till a successor should be sent to him, was assaulted and forced to fly the city; and an open revolt began with the storming of Masada, near the Dead Sea, and massacre of its Roman garrison 10, and with the rejection, by Eleazar, the captain of the temple, of the sacrifice which Romans had been accustomed to present within the sacred precincts". A state of siege ensued, in which the castle of Antonia and the Upper City were held by the High Priest's following and by the Romans, reinforced by 3000 horsemen sent by Agrippa to assist the cause of order 12; and the Lower City and Temple were in the hands of the in 1 Suet. (Ner. 30) reckons the sum presented to him at 100,000,000 H.S., Dio (63. 6, 5), at twice that amount. 2 If the city was ever called Neroneia, as Dio states, it had evidently returned to its old name in Juvenal's time (2, 170). 3 See Introd. p. 40. 4 Jos. Ant. 20, 11, 1; B. I. 2. 14, 2, foll. 8 Jos. B. I. 2. 14, 6-9. This took place in April. • Id. 2. 15, 3-5. |