It was proven that the scholar was not unjustly punshed, and therefore the only issue was upon the severity of the punishment.

the child to its home, and explained the circumstances cers to give them vitality, should feel the necessity of to its parents. They were offended, and would re-qualifying their sons for discharging this great duty ceive no apology except money, and consequently with an intelligent devotion to the interests of their brought a suit against him, demanding damages against country. The employment of Teachers and supply him in the sum of $200. of ordinary School appliances constitute but a small part of the duty of onr citizens, in regard to the edu cation of the rising youth, who are soon to be entrust. ed with duties and obligations of citizenship. Every man is bound to feel a personal interest in the affairs of the school and to co-operate with the Teacher in giving efficiency to the means of education. No man can absolve himself from these obligations, unless he assume that he is not bound to contribute to the permanency of the government from which he derives so many blessings.

The case was given to the jury with a few pertinent remarks by His Honor, JUDGE GRAY, and a verdict rendered for the defendant. It is understood that eleven were in favor of this verdict at once, while the other juror held out against it for about two hours.

The case has excited considerable interest in the community, especially at Geddes, where the defendant is engaged in teaching. We have heard so much said, and particularly by the youth of this city, that we have regarded it our duty to present the case to our readers, hoping they will find in it a lesson well worthy their regard. While it is generally conceded that the teacher had no design to inflict any undue punish. ment upon the child, it is regretted that he should have been so unfortunate as to leave the marks of his blows. No one doubts that a parent might have done the same, without being subjected to the charge of improper pun

ishment.

The verdict all must admit to be correct. It will teach parents and their children to acquiesce in the proper government of the school; and, we hope, will not be without its legitimate influence in guiding teachers in the use of corporal punishment.

A TIME FOR EVERY THING.-Before we shall again meet our readers another political campaign will have closed. As the feverish heat of political excitement subsides, other interests which are usually absorbed in such occasions should receive appropriate attention. The season of the year, and the lessons drawn from the action of men in the great political drama, unite in urging popular attention to the educational interests of our country. The exercise of the elective franchise in its highest and most responsible privilege, should indicate the great importance of due qualifications for

such a trust.

A CURIOUS CALCULATION.-What is a billion? The reply is very simple, a million times a million. This is quickly written, and quicker still pronounced; but no man is able to count it. You may count 160 or 170 in a minute; but let us even suppose that you may go as far as 200; then an hour will produce 12,000, a day 280,000, and a year of 365 days, 195,120,000. Let us suppose now that Adam, at the beginning of his existence, had begun to count, had continued to do so, and was counting still; he would not even now, according to the usually supposed age of our globe, have counted near enough. For to count a billion he would require 9,512 years, 34 days, 5 hours and 39 minutes.

THE END OF EDUCATION.-The multitude think, that to educate a child, is to crowd on the mind a given amount of knowledge; to teach it the mechanism of reading and writing; to load the memory with words; to prepare a boy for the routine of trade. No wonder, end of education is to unfold and direct aright our then, that they think every body fit to teach. The true whole nature. Its office is to call forth powers of thought, affection, will, and outward action; power to observe, to reason, to judge, to contrive; power to ment; education is to teach its best use. gain and spread happiness. Reading is but an instruThe intellect was created not to receive, passively, a few words, dates and facts, but to be active for the acquisition of truth. Accordingly, education should inspire a profound love of truth. It should teach the process of investigation. A sound logic, by which we mean the laws of reasoning and evidence, in the true method of inquiry and the sources of false judgment, is an essential part of a good education.

Ere another presidential election shall be held, new accessions will be made to the list of voters in this State; and two such epochs in the government of our country will bring thousands now in District Schools EDUCATION IN IRELAND.-The Courier and Enquirer into the discharge of this duty. How great the inter-publishes an article on the education in Ireland, in ests involved in the correct training of this army of which it is stated that a far larger portion of the chillegislators! Were there no other than mere political dren of Ireland than of England go to school. considerations to induce a faithful devotion to the in- only University is Trinity College, which is under the control of members of the establishment, but unlike terests of our Common Schools, it would be the dic- Oxford and Cambridge, is open to students of all relitate of sound policy to give them the most liberal sup-gious persuasions. Its course, in point of extent and port and faithful supervision.

The

adaptation to modern times, is confessedly superior to The political calm which succeeds a presidential that of the English Universities. Most of the Prescontest is indeed an appropriate time for such a work. ity until the establishment of the Belfast College, in byterian ministers were educated at Glasgow UniversParents who have participated in the choice of Rep-which a course of education similar to that of the resentatives to frame their laws, and executive offi- Scotch Colleges was adopted.

ON THE VOICE. COLOMBAT DE L'ISERE, in his work on the voice, says:

But, I shall be asked, since you do not admit the theory of physiologists, what explanation will you give of the formation of the voice?

a more touching expression. and go more directly to the soul,† and art will never succeed as well as rature in the production of an organ admirable for its great simplicity, and animated by a principle which, without doubt, will always be unknown. The vocal organ is, then, the most beautiful instrument; since man can, by exercise, master at will his voice according to the rules of taste and harmony, and produce those enchanting sounds that excite in us the purest pleasures and the most delicate sensations.

"First, I shall reply, that I do not pretend to give explanation more mathematical than other persons, but simply that the glottis is the instrument that produces the sounds, or rather it is the air driven out from the lungs, which, under the nfluence of the will, by I must, however, acknowledge that those who make breaking against the lips of the glottis, produces sonor-researches upon this material will rarely agree togethous undulations, modified by the pharynx, the tongue, er, since the organ of the human voice does not prothe lips, the nasal fossil; finally, by the entire vocal duce in the same manner all the tones belonging to it. apparatus. I think the formation of the vocal sound The sonorous voice of singing and speaking, which in can be conceived of without having need of sonorous a theatre may be heard by two thousand persons at cords or vibrating reeds, and the production of the the same time; the low voice with which we sing in voice and its different modifications nay, indeed, be a closed apartment; finally, this acute voice which has the result of a large or small opening of the glottis, received in our language the name of falsetto; all these caused by the contractions or relaxation of its lips voices must depend upon different mechanism, which Every body knows, too, that the constriction alone of will be examined by us in the following chapter." the lips expresses, by whistling, varied and even har- However useful and instructive lectures may be, it monious sounds; and that the air and different gases is highly important that persons should possess books may be expelled from the body of animals with cer- which treat on this subject in a scientific manner: tain modulations from openings, where, so far as I these should be studied thoroughly by those who wish know, the existence of a reed or of vocal cords has ne- to obtain a knowledge of righly cultivating the voice. ver been suspected. We would recommend the work from which this extract is taken, viz. The Hygiene of the Voice.

The oscillations of which the lips are the seat in playing upon the horn, may equally aid us to prove that the muscular edges of an animated opening can †There is nothing in this world more terrifying than the vibrate in consequence of the contractions to which cries of a man in great danger. Each time that I have heard these edges are liable, especially when these vibra-these horrible cries, they have remained for a long time in tions are excited by a current of air which alone is my heart. the material and the producer. of the sound. I shall, perhaps, be as ked, if I do not admit the vibrations of the glottis are productive of the vocal sounds, how I will explain the vibrations of the thyro-arytenoid muscles which are felt by carrying the hand to that projecting and external part of a theroid cartilage, vulgarly called Adam's Apple; they will also probably tell me that since nature has willed these vibrations to take place they must necessarily have a useful object.

THE FIRST FREE SCHOOL.-The Waldenses, ancestors to the Vaudois, were the first people in Europe who made regulations as a community, that all the children of every degree should be tought the elementary branches of an education. For ages before the Scotch Parliament in 1494, made enactments which compelled the barons and substantial freeholders to send their sons to school, the Waldenses had taken care that all the children, including those of the poorest goath. To answer, at the same time, these two objections, erds should have access to some school free from exI will say that it is the air which, by its more or less pense. Their teachers were their pastors, the two rapid passage across the glottis, puts the vocal cords in professions at that time being hardly separable. In vibration, as in speaking it causes to vibrate all the other countries of Europe, learning was saved by the other parts of the vocal apparatus, especially the na- Priesthood from utter extinction for their own use and sal cavities and their cartilages * These vibrations of advantage; these saved it by accretion, but the Vauthe glottis and of the other vocal organs impart to the dois saved it by diffusion. Bernard of the 12th cenvoice, by successively lengthening and shortening the tury, thus testifies with regard to them: "The rustics muscular fibres, the kinds of sonorous undulations and laymen in these valleys are taught to argue with which render it more sweet and harmonious, and which and confute their betters upon subjects that they have give it a flute-like sound similar to that drawn by our had no business to meddle with; for they have schools celebrated violinists from their instruments, in conse-every where which the meanest of the people are quence of a sort of trembling that they communicate to the cords by varying the pressure of the end of the finger upon them.

allowed to attend."

New England has tried this free school system for almost two centuries. Its feasibility and utility has been there thoroughly tested--and the people are now convinced, both there and in our state, that instead of the school being taugh but part of the year by a man called from the plow, or from behind the counter, that it ought to be taught the whole year by a regularly educated professional Teacher.

The mechanism of the vocal instrument, although still shrouded by an impenetrable veil, may then be understood, as I conceive it, without being obliged to compare it to the other musical instruments; besides, these instruments which have been created only to imitate or sustain the human voice, are not only very far from having sounds as melodious and as beautiful, but also from uniting in the same degree of perfection CITIES EAST AND WEST,-Brooklyn, N. Y, has a the conditions most favorable for the production of population of about eighty thousand, and fifty-three sounds, whether we regard the timbre or the harmo-churches. In proportion to the population, the churchy. It is probably for this reason that the instruments which approach the nearest to the human voice have es are nearly two to one compared with New York. Albany has a population of forty-six thousand, Buffa lo of forty-five thousand, Cleveland of fourteen thou sand, Detroit of twenty thousand, Chicago of nineteen thousand, and Milwaukee of sixteen thousand.

* Any one can satisfy himself of these vibrations, by placing his fingers upon the wings of his nose, they will thus be rendered very apparent.

avail ourselves of the following general remarks in regard plication, since they are connected with the history of the to this phenomenon, by Prof. H. Mattison of Oswego:

COMMON SCHOOLS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
The report of Hon. RICHARD S. RUST, Commissioner of
Common Schools for the State of New Hampshire, made to
the Legislature of that State at its last session, furnishes the
following statistics:

Whole number of School Districts reported,
Average attendance in the Winter Schools,
Number of scholars in the Winter Schools,
Number of scholars in the Summer Schools,
Average attendance in the Summer Schools,
Average length of the Winter Schools in weeks,
Average monthly wages of male teachers, exclusive
Average length of the Summer Schools in weeks,
of board,

Average monthly wages of female teachers, exclu-
sive of board,
Number of male teachers employed in the Winter
Schools,

Number of female teachers employed in the Winter
Schools,

Amount of money raised by taxes for the Schools, $126,608 77
Amount contributed in Board and Fuel,
Income and Local Funds,
Amount of Literary Fund,
Amount raised for the Teachers' Institutes, about
Whole amount raised for the benefit of the Schools
during the year,
including the amount raised in the towns not reported, the
entire amount would not be much less than $150,000, which
is about $50,000 more than is required to be raised by law.
the people in reference to the education of our children.
This is an exponent of the increased interest cherished by

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

We give a large portion of the number of this Journal, to the very interesting proceedings of the late semi-annual ex amination of the State Normal School. To apologise for so doing would imply a want of interest in this admirable institution on the part of our readers, which we would not in. timate, or that we could present something of greater value

than the excellent addresses delivered on that occasion.

ment at Albany, with the least possible delay; also whether the Journals for the School Districts under his supervision may be directed to him personally; and if inconvenient for him to distribute them, he is desired to give the number and name of the District.

THE AMERICAN QUARTERLY REGISTER and Magazine, Con ducted by JAMES STRYKER. September, 1848, vol. 1 no 2. Philadelphia: E. C. & J. Biddle.

THE PROVINCIAL NORMAL SCHOOL at Toronto, Upper We have the second number of this excellent work beCanada, closed its second half yearly examination on the fore us, and find it fully equal to the high expectations excited 12th ult. Judging from the reports of the proceedings on by its predecessor. Its articles, both selected and original, that occasion in the British Colonist, the Christian Guardian are admirably designed to the great object of giving an epi and the Globe, the exercises were well calculated to impress tome of current events to the reader of the present, while it all in attendance of the great practical benefits of Normal furnishes a full transcript of that public sentiment and popuSchool instruction, and the system of teaching it is design-lar feeling, by which they were wrought out. In the variety ted to introduce into the common schools of the Province of subjects and useful character of its articles, it has no equal The united testimony of these papers in favor of the in- among the serial publications of this country. stitution, cannot but increase public confidence in the institution and its board of managers, at the head of which, we observe the name of Dr. RYERSON, the enlightened and judicious Chief Superintendent of Public Schools in Upper Canada. Our neighbors are really moving with energy and zeal in the cause of popular education.

For thus in "eccentricity," one sees good many c's,
Also in "hubbubbubberous," the b's are thick as bees.

There are no i ́s in English "eyes," but e's there are in "ease ;"
A wants but ye to make it " aye," there's but one p in peas.
Some judges judge the English tongue, but kill it with a breath,
With wind and words they sentence some fine sentences to death.

A sea-horse is a sea-horse, when you see him in the sea,
And when you see him in a bay, a bay horse then is he;
Of course a race-course isn't coarse, a fine is far from fine,
It is a sad sight to see a noble pine tree pine.

If miners are all minors, then the guardians get their gains,
All glaziers extra pains should take to put in extra panes ;
A kitchen maid is often made to burn her face and broil it;
The lady knows no labor, but to toil it at her toilet.

"How do you do?" said Sal to John, "so, so," responded he;
"How do you do?" said John to Sal, "sometimes sew, sew."

said she.

If one were ridden o'er a lot, he might his lot bewail,
But 'twould be of no use to him to rail against a rail.

A bat about a farmer's room, not long ago I knew
To fly. He caught a fly-and then flew up the chimney flue;
But such a scene was never seen, (I am quite sure of that.)
As when with sticks, all hands essayed to hit the bat a bat.
A vane is vain, one would suppose, because it wants a mind,
And furthermore, 'tis blown about by every idle wind:
'Tis pun-ishment for me to pun, 'tis trifling, void of worth;
So let it pass unnoticed, like the dew that's due to earth.

MAIL ARRANGEMENTS.

We have made a change in the mailing department of the Journal, hoping thereby to secure promptness and correct. ness in its transmission to the several districts of the State. A revision of the mail books is also being made, and therefore it is very desirable that each Town Superintendent, who entered upon the duties of his office on the 1st of No vember inst., report his Post Office address to the Depart,

The first 65 pages contain a condensed historical record of the United States, France, Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Russia, for 1848. The next 50 pages are devoted to subjects of a national character, such as "Commerce of the Lakes," with statistical tables, Extent of Lake Coast," "Commerce of Western Rivers," &c. &c.

Among the communications which succeed this variety of comprehensive articles. we observe one on the Tenure of Land, by A. G. JOHNSON, (if we may interpret the initials) Deputy Superintendent of schools of this state, in which the subject is elaborately treated, and accompanied with many very valuable facts derived from a comparison of nation with nation, and of the past with the present. The editor has given us but a portion of this able and interesting paper,

which treats the subject in three parts:

1st. Facts relating to the tenure of land in Europe and America.

2d. The tenure of land in Hindostan, Egypt, Palestine, and in Ancient Greece, Rome and Hispania; and

3d. A comparison drawn and the subject discussed in ac cordance with the opinion expressed by Mr. Webster when speaking of the subdivision of property, that "what is lost in individual wealth, will be more than gained in numbers, in intelligence, and in sympathy of sentiment.

From this skeleton of the article, the reader will readily perceive that it contains much valuable information on a subject of deep interest to every philanthropist and friend of republican institutions, which has been collected only by long and patient research.

The miscellaneous articles are appropriate to a work of this character. In the biograpical department, although con. siderably abridged in this number, there is much to interest

and instruct the reader.

Nearly 100 pages are occupied in continuing the proceedings of the Thirtieth Congress and an abstract of its official documents, with a list of the principal acts passed at the last session.

With nothing but this mere outline of the contents of this number, we cannot apprehend the necessity of a single line in commendation of this work. As a National Register combining a history of the process by which events occur with a reliable record of the times, it is worthy of the support of American citizens. The exceedingly low price at which the work is offered, commends it to the attention of those charged with the duty of selecting books for School Libraries. We are confident that it would be money well expended for each School District to subscribe for it.

We certainly hope this work will be sustained, though we confess we have our fears when we take into consideration that the subscription price is only $5, per Annum, and that each number contains over 300 pages of closely printed matter

PUBLISHED BY LEA & BLANCHARD, PHILA-execution of the work No higher authority could be desired, and
DELPHIA.
I fully believe that the notes furnish all the aid that the scholar
ought to have.

SCHMITZ & ZUMPT'S CLASSICAL SERIES. From REV. B. R. HALL, A. M., Profe sor of Ancient Languages in the Classical and Mathema ical Institute, Newburgh, Orange County, New York, Sept. 7, 1847.

3. The text of each author will be such as has been constituted ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSCly the most recent collations of manuscripts, and will be prefaced by biographica' and critical sketches in English, that pupils may be made aware of the character and peculiarities of the work they

6. The respective volumes will be issued at a price considerably less In one neat duodecimo volume, containing about 400 pages, and