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the doctored exercise of the shop cries aloud "Behold my deformity!" Thus honesty is made easy and dishonesty painful, and the correct habit is formed.

The moral nature is strengthened, too, by such training because it plants the habit of industry, the chief barrier to idleness, which is the beginning of crime. The pupil who learns to labor at his books has, of course, acquired this habit in large degree; but when he has also learned to labor with his hands, he has come to feel the necessity to be ever doing. He knows "the devil never comes when he hears the anvil ring." His heart is full of the sentiment which George Eliot puts upon the lips of her hero in her poem "Stradivarius." She makes the old violin-maker, whose instruments are now worth their weight in gold, say:

ers.

If my hand slacked I should rob God,
Who is fullest good, leaving a blank

Instead of violins; for He could not make

Antonio Stradivari's violins without Antonio.

8. As urged heretofore, manual training tends to break down class distinctions and to teach the universal brotherhood of man. These distinctions exist to-day not alone because of the attitude of the wealthier and more fortunate class, but the lines of demarcation are strongly emphasized by the position taken by the vast army of illiterate handworkers who assume that the man who wears a white shirt and a black coat necessarily desires to hold himself aloof from common toilers. You know how difficult it often is to induce working people to attend a church having a large membership among the well-to-do class. It is due to the same mistaken notion that all who do not toil with their hands are necessarily antagonistic to the hand-workWhen the son of the poor man works side by side with the son of the rich man in the manual training shop, and each discovers that the other has increased his self-respect and his respectability by the efficient, faithful performance of the labors assigned, there will grow up a mutual, spontaneous sympathy that will never ask, "Master, who is my neighbor?" that will never cry out, "I am not my brother's keeper." There will grow up a class of working people too intelligent to be misled by the cheap agitator and demagogue whose chief stock in trade is a copious supply of denunciatory adjectives generously used in the abuse of every one more fortunate or more industrious than himself. There will grow up a class of capitalists whose experience will have made them genuine respecters of all intelligent effort, whether of head or hand.

9. Manual training in our secondary schools will help us to give every student the desire to be, not simply good but good for something. The duty of society to itself is but partly discharged when it

has provided means whereby its youth may be trained to live. It is also important that young men, and women, too, shall be trained to earn a living. This must be the function of the special secondary school, or trade school. The training school has laid broad foundations and given general development to all powers of body and mind. If upon these foundations safe character is to be builded, then must follow special training which will fit the citizen to help himself; which will equip him to support and educate his posterity; which will put him in the category of those who not only strive to do something perfectly, but in the list of those who aspire to know that which is perfect and him who is perfection. The colleges and universities of our land furnish ample training for the professions. Nearly every commonwealth sustains at public expense its schools of law and medicine. Almost all our higher education to-day is aimed at the professional, literary, non-mechanical, or industrial classes, which constitute less than thirty per cent of our population. For the remaining seventy per cent little or no technical training is provided in this age with its intense demand for specialists-trained men and women-everywhere. Thus our young men and women are coming up without being trained to any calling which will permit them to be honest. Think of the army of young men who go into merchandising simply because they have never been specially trained to any service. Do you wonder, then, that thirty-two per cent of all who embark in mercantile lines fail? Think of the army of men who, for no better reason, seek to practice law or medicine, and then wonder why two of the noblest professions of earth are cursed with a contingent of dishonest and disreputable followers whose presence in the social body is a constant menace to the advancement of our common civilization. Think of the thousands of men and women who, for want of special training in any line, undertake to teach the young, and no longer wonder that in every state and every county of our land whole schoolhouses full of children are being crippled physically, morally, and intellectually. Think of the vast array that, with no better reason, invade the pulpits of our churches, and no longer wonder why so many preach to empty seats. Think of the greater army of men, and women, too, who, for want of special training, drift idly out into the world to find an easy way to lives of vice, and shame, and crime. Remember, then, that society has made all these; that by our neglect to provide means whereby, in early youth, they might have discovered their adaptations, and later might have given themselves the special training that would make independence and integrity possible, we have merited the fate their present condition has inflicted. How much cheaper for the average state a dozen schools each calling for a million of dollars to found and equip

and a hundred thousand annually to sustain than the maintenance, toleration, or defense against half the worthless, dangerous classes just enumerated! Do you doubt that industrial education would remedy this? Have you ever investigated the training of a body of tramps or vagrants? If so, have you ever found a tramp blacksmith, a tramp machinist, a tramp carpenter who was really a trained and sober man?

Even in this present period of widespread depression the great itinerant army of the unemployed is an army of untrained men. The demand of the hour is for trained men, men who can do some one thing well, and it is time for us to stop our half-hearted paltering with the question of souphouses for these unfortunates of the present day, or the question of furnishing them work which they cannot or will not do, and address ourselves, in part, at least, to the graver question of educating the tramp out of the civilization of the next generation. The physician who, for a distemper of the blood disclosing itself in cutaneous eruptions, would simply apply lotions or poultices to the cicatrixed surface, would meet the derision which his procedure would merit. So, too, if we would escape the well-merited ridicule of posterity we must stop our endeavors to cure too deep-seated distempers of the social body by the sole applications of any such sanctified and deodorized iodine as free soup. Industrial education is the remedy for our children. Have we the intelligence and the devotion to administer it, and thus get at the seat of the disease?

10. Again, the relation of woman to new economic and social conditions calls strenuously for this industrial education, if either ethics or religion are to be conserved.

(a) A vast body of young women in this country go annually to lives of shame and vice solely because they lack the training which would give them an honest living and keep them out of the environments which eventually work their ruin. California to-day cannot find enough trained young women for any line of service from the kitchen to the college classroom at more generous wages than obtain in almost any other part of the Union, and yet annually this state contributes its full contingent to this fallen untrained army.

(b) Young women are to-day entering on marriage alliances in order to have a home and because they lack independence-because they are without industrial education. They are ordaining themselves to be miserable wives and wretched mothers; they are preparing to meet that brute of a husband in the divorce court; they are condemning their children to an environment both pitiable and degrading. Shall not all this be saved when woman is trained to stand alone, if need be? so trained that if she take a husband's hand she

goes to him a true help-meet? And just here I would have you think of no narrow range of training, but one that would reach down to the humblest girl or give free play to the aspirations of the most ambitious woman.

(c) Still other girls are starting out in life loving and loved, with every prospect bright for all the happiness that the ideal home may have in store for her who holds its destinies in her well-trained hand. A few short years, in which she can neither serve herself and her own nor train others to do it, and all is changed. Sorrow and misery begin their inroads on the home, from which, a little later, a sadeyed women and a cynical man depart forever, each vowing that "the times are out of joint! Oh, cursed spite, that ever I was born to set them right!"

The wife of the future will need more and more the training which our schools do not now give. Is the integrity of the home of sufficient moment to society and to religion to warrant our striving to put such training within the reach of every girl?

For these reasons, thus hurriedly set forth, I believe it to be the education the youth of our country demands; the education which, as George William Curtis has said, "shall, with one hand, point the young American to the secrets of material skill and fullest intercourse with all mankind, while with the other she shall point to lofty thought and commerce with the skies."

INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION A NECESSITY OF THE TIMES.

BY ALBERT R. ROBINSON, PRINCIPAL CHICAGO ENGLISH HIGH AND MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.

Some wiseacre has said, "The first necessity of man is to live; his first duty to work."

At no period in the history of the human race has this problem of living and working been brought face to face with so many emergencies as at the present time. All "isms" and every "ist" the world over seem to be indulging in a "free-for-all fight" over the life and labor of the people who do the work of the world.

The last fifty years have been years of social revolution; years of invention and progress so unexpected and unparalleled that new industries had to be discovered and new economic adjustments brought about to meet them.

Human nature does not adapt itself easily or rapidly as a whole to new conditions. Enforced change more than once in the history

of the race has driven whole peoples into the oblivion of extinction. Our sighs for the good old days when "Adam ploughed and Eve span;" our yearly retreats to the mountain where we may indulge our inclinations to hunt, fish, and roam in the forests-inclinations inherited from far remote ancestors; our belief that cool shades, murmuring streams, and fresh air are far more agreeable than stuffy offices, hot, dusty streets, and the noise and bustle of trade, indicate that we are not fully adjusted to what we are pleased to call civilization, progress, and business.

Let us take a brief view of the economic and social conditions that surround us and see if we may not aid in the solution of the problem.

Not many years back of the present (indeed, many of us who are not yet rated as old can remember the time), American men and women were masters of many trades that are now under the control of great consolidations of labor and capital. At home the household duties made it necessary for the men to know at least the elements of carpentry, blacksmithing, harnessmaking, shoemaking, coopering, etc., in order that the products of the farm might be properly cared for and spare hours employed. The women carded, spun, wove into cloth, and planned and made into garments the wool and flax produced on the farm; they learned to dry, pickle, and preserve the fruits of the orchards and gardens; they were noted for their cookery— and good home cookery is an "open sesame" to palates that still retain their unspoiled youthful vigor.

At that time the greater part of the population lived in the rural districts, where the industrial training mentioned above was the rule, while in the towns and cities the apprentice system was still in full force, so that anyone whose parents were so disposed or who had the inclination himself could acquire all the skill the times demanded in some useful handicraft. The small shops of that time had a tendency to develop the independent manhood of the mechanic, as in most cases he had to be the planner, the architect, or the engineer of the work he accomplished. As a character-builder the little shop of the cross-roads was far superior to the great factories of to-day, where piece-work tends rather to stultify than to elevate those who are compelled to follow it.

At the present time the home duties of the boy brought up in town are almost nothing. There is no wood to cut, no water to carry, no fences to build, no axes to grind; nothing to worry him but school and play. No wonder he falls into evil ways. No greater truth ever was written than those old lines,

Satan finds some mishief still

For idle hands to do.

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