Purchase, and also recognized the right of Congress to deal with slavery in the territories. The compromise had plenty of enemies on both sides. John Randolph of Virginia politely called it "a dirty bargain." John Quincy Adams, when his friend Calhoun threatened secession, made perhaps the first prophecy of a civil war when he asked whether in such a case "the population of the North. would fall back upon its rocks bound hand and foot to starve, or whether it would not retain its powers of locomotion to move southward by land." ... John Adams, Memoirs, IV. 530 252. Sum The West began to come forward about the year 1815 as a vital part of the nation and as a great political force in the national government. It was settled rapidly and tumultuously, so that in 1820 there were 2,600,000 people west of the mountains. They came from the East in four main streams of settlement: (1) from New England and the middle states to the belt of country between the Lakes and the Ohio; (2) across the mountains from Virginia, North Carolina, and western Pennsylvania, to build up Kentucky and Tennessee; (3) from the South to southern Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois; (4) from the Carolinas and Georgia westward to build up the communities of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. At first the West was all frontier and had many of the disadvantages of frontier life, poverty, ignorance, and popular excitement, but there was a sound and strong fiber in the people. Congress began to recognize the importance of the West by building the National Road and choosing Henry Clay to be Speaker; and the Erie Canal gave an outlet to the sea. As a result of slavery, the western communities began to be divided, and took part in the great contest of 1820 over the admission of Missouri, by which all the region west of the Mississippi, like that east of it, was divided into a free and a slaveholding section. mary Suggestive topics Search topics TOPICS (1) What part of the country east of the Mississippi is prairie ? (2) What became of the big trees in the West? (3) Why was there no early road from Philadelphia directly west to Pittsburg? (4) Why did the western states soon elect their judges? (5) Why was Henry Clay a great Speaker? (6) How did slaves come to be in Missouri? (7) Chicago up to 1829. (8) St. Louis up to 1829. (9) The road from Rochester to Buffalo. (10) Plank roads. (11) Flatboats on the Ohio and Mississippi. (12) Indian attacks on river travelers. (13) Traveling on the Cumberland Road. (14) Traveling on the Erie Canal. (15) Early western schools. (16) Campmeeting scenes. (17) Early life of Henry Clay. (18) Arguments for the Compromise of 1820. (19) Objections to the Compromise. (20) Why did the colonization of negroes in Africa fail? Geography Secondary authorities Sources Illustrative works Pictures REFERENCES See maps, pp. 291, 300; Semple, Geographic Conditions, 150168, 246-277; Turner, New West. Hart, Formation of the Union, §§ 119-127, 136; Turner, New West; Schouler, United States, II. 205-278, III. 96-109, 134–173; McMaster, United States, III. 123–142, 459-495, IV. 381-429, 570– 601, V. 13-18, 170-175; Adams, United States, IX. 148-174; Larned, History for Ready Reference, III. 2341, 2925, V. 3359; Higginson, Larger History, 390-393, 404-422; Wilson, American People, III. 234-255; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 313-328, 351367, 380-392; Hosmer, Mississippi Valley, 153–167; Sparks, Expansion, 220-274; Schurz, Henry Clay, I. 1-47, 137-146, 172– 202; Roosevelt, T. H. Benton, 1-20, 32-40; McLaughlin, Lewis Cass, 1-33, 95-132; Gilman, James Monroe, 128-143, 147-158, 191-202. Hart, Source Book, §§ 90-93, Contemporaries, III. §§ 135-141, Source Readers, III. §§ 11, 34-39, 42-53; MacDonald, Select Documents, nos. 35-42; Old South Leaflets, no. 108; Caldwell, Survey, 142-144, 233-245; Johnston, American Orations, II. 33-101. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n, Syllabus, 342-343, Historical Sources, § 83. Bryant, Hunter of the Prairies; Cooper, The Prairie; J. E. Cooke, Leather Stocking and Silk; Edward Eggleston, Circuit Rider; A. G. Riddle, Ansel's Cave. Wilson, American People, III.; Sparks, Expansion. CHAPTER XX. THE NEW NATIONAL SPIRIT (1815-1829) factures and com merce AFTER the War of 1812 the population, wealth, and national feeling of the United States advanced with leaps and bounds. An immense export and import trade sprang up again; 253. Manuand the war taxes brought in so much revenue that they could safely be given up soon after the peace. A commercial treaty with Great Britain (1815) removed some of the impediments to trade with that country. In 1818 the question of the northern fisheries was adjusted by a treaty with Great Britain (still in force) which allows American fishermen three privileges: (1) to take fish inshore (that is, inside a line parallel with the coast and three miles from shore) on parts of the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador; (2) to dry and cure fish on unsettled parts of those coasts; (3) to enter harbors of settled coasts for shelter, wood, and water. The treaty also provided for a boundary on the 49th parallel, from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains; and for the joint occupation of Oregon, which then meant the disputed region between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific. The rush of importations was disturbing to the new American manufactures. During the embargo times some of the capital which could not be used in shipping, went into little mills for weaving coarse cottons and woolens. At the outbreak of war in 1812 import duties were doubled, and the home manufacturers had almost a monopoly of the market; if foreign importations were to be admitted at the old rate of duty after the war ended, it seemed more than the home manufacturers could stand. The result was the tariff of April 27, 1816, passed by test votes of 25 to 7 in the Senate, and 88 to 54 in the House 254. Pro tariff of 1816 a tariff which now seems very low, but at the time was tective thought highly protective. It was supported by a new combination: (1) New England and middle state manufacturers; (2) western farmers under the leadership of Henry Clay; (3) South Carolina planters under John C. Calhoun, who interested his constituents by the hope of building up cotton manufactures in South Carolina. The strongest opponent was John Randolph of Virginia, who said the only question was, Contempora- "Whether you, as a planter, will consent to be taxed, ries, III. 435 in order to hire another man . . . to set up a spinning jenny." The average rate of duties on dutiable goods in 1811 was about 15 per cent; by the tariff of 1816 it was raised to 20 per cent. Another evidence of national feeling was the charter of the second United States Bank in 1816. The bank founded by 255. Second Hamilton had expired in 1811, and its place had been national taken by numerous state banks. After the capture of (1816-1819) Washington all the banks, except those of New England, bank suspended specie payments, so that bank notes were the only currency. By an act of April 10, 1816, a second United States Bank was chartered by Congress, with what was then thought the enormous capital of $35,000,000, of which the United States was to own one fifth. The main public services of the bank were: (1) to furnish sound paper currency, and to influence the state banks to pay their notes in specie; (2) to act as financial agent of the government in receiving and paying money; (3) to hold on deposit the government balance, which ranged from $3,000,000 to $10,000,000. After one false start and danger of failing, the bank established branches far and wide, and did a large and profitable business. Another significant evidence of national spirit was the attitude of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1825, under the guidance of Chief-Justice John Marshall of Virginia. Mar- 256. John Marshall and the Supreme Court (1801-1819) Adams's term was ap pointed Chief Justice, and held that high office until Marshall is one of the most interesting of Americans. He was a simple householder, who often carried home his own turkey from the market, a renowned expert in the game of quoits, an upright Christian gentleman. His colleague, Story, said of ry, I. 167 him: "I love his Story, Stolaugh, . . . it is too hearty for an intriguer, patience are equally agreeYet he was the greatest JOHN MARSHALL IN 1830. From the portrait by Harding. and his good temper and unwearied able on the bench and in the study." of American jurists, and his main service was to take advantage of cases which happened to come before the Supreme Court to set forth clearly, logically, and irresistibly the true principles of the federal Constitution; and he so influenced five judges appointed by Jefferson and Madison that they agreed with him. (1) The court defined its own jurisdiction by compelling the state courts to permit appeals, even in cases where states were parties (case of Cohens vs. Virginia, 1821). |