sessions, France retained only the two little islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon and some of the West Indies.

The treaty left the British undisputed owners of all the territory between the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River, Hudson Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. The British government, by royal proclamation, October 7, 1763, erected three new provinces, Quebec, East Florida, and West Florida, and

extended Georgia to the St. Marys River. Instead of adding new area to any of the other colonies, several of which had once had charters extending west to the Pacific, the proclamation cut off all the old colonies from the Mississippi basin by a clause providing that "no governor, or commander in chief of our other colonies or plantations in America do . . . grant, warrant or survey or pass patents for lands beyond the heads or sources of any of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean from the west or northwest." That country was to be reserved for the occupation of the Indians. At that time the French whites and half-breeds east of the Mississippi were not more than 6000 in all; and south of the Ohio the only Europeans were a few score traders and officials.

The English began at once to mismanage the Indians. As Sir William Johnson said, they served out "harsh treatment, 102. Indian angry words, and in short, everything which can be neighbors thought of to inspire . . . dislike." When they un(1763-1768) dertook to send out garrisons to the little French posts

northwest of the Ohio River in 1763, a dangerous Indian war blazed out under the leadership of the great chief Pontiac. Several posts were taken and the garrisons massacred, but the British commander, Colonel Bouquet, soon broke down the Indian rising.

By the treaty of Fort Stanwix with the Six Nations (1768), a dividing boundary line was drawn from Wood Creek, a tributary of Oneida Lake, in central New York, southward and then westward to the west branch of the Susquehanna, thence across to the Allegheny River, and down the Ohio to the mouth of the Tennessee. This was an acknowledgment that the Iroquois, already in effect wards of the colony of New York, controlled territory outside the valley of the Hudson and the New York lakes. New relations were established in the South with the five tribes of Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles, who had about 14,000 "guns," or fighting men. In

1768 the British got their first treaty of land cession from the Cherokees, and began to establish an influence in the region between Georgia and Louisiana.

103. Sum

From 1689 to 1763 the international history of America is the history of the downfall of the French colonial power. At the beginning France had Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Canada, and claims to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay; and she colonized Louisiana and asserted title to the whole Mississippi valley, though she occupied only a narrow fringe along the Gulf coast and a few settlements on the river.

The year 1713 is the great turning point, because in the treaty of Utrecht the French were obliged to cede Acadia to Great Britain. In 1754 came a trial of strength for the Ohio valley, in which for three years the French held their own. Then in 1758 came the change; one French defense after another gave way, and the capture of Quebec in 1759 broke their hold on Canada. In 1763 they were compelled to give up every square foot of their splendid empire on the mainland, and retained only the two little islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon south of Newfoundland, and their possessions in the West Indies, including part of Haiti. Thenceforward the Anglo-Saxons controlled the destinies of North America.

TOPICS

mary

(1) Was William III. interested in the colonies? (2) Make a Suggestive list of wars in which the Iroquois took part. (3) Make a list topics of captures and conquests of French territory in North America by the English, 1603-1750. (4) Why was Port Royal so often attacked? (5) Why did the Tuscaroras join the Five Nations ? (6) What claim had the French and the English to Hudson Bay? (7) Why did the Spaniards allow the French to settle on the lower Mississippi? (8) Make a list of attacks on English seacoast settlers by the French and Spanish, 1607-1750. (9) What claim had the English to the Ohio valley? (10) Was it necessary to deport the Acadians? (11) Why was the peace of 1763 unpopular?

Search topics

Geography

Secondary authorities

Sources

Illustrative works

Pictures

(12) What were the general European wars corresponding to the four intercolonial wars- and what were their causes ?

(13) Account of a fleet engagement between the English and the French. (14) Life on a British man-of-war about 1750. (15) Account of an Indian raid on a frontier town. (16) The "casket girls" in Louisiana. (17) Germans in Louisiana. (18) English captives taken to Canada. (19) Attack on Carthagena, 1741. (20) Contemporary accounts of Braddock's defeat; of the capture of Quebec. (21) Early New Orleans. (22) Defeat of Pontiac. (23) British war with the French in India, 1756-1763.

REFERENCES

See maps, pp. 121, 131; Thwaites, France in America; Semple, Geographic Conditions, 36-46.

Hart, Formation of the Union, §§ 12-20; Fisher, Colonial Era, 236-240, 286-291; Sloane, French War and Revolution, 22-115; Lodge, English Colonies, 30-36, 109-111, 223-225, 307-310, 367371; Thwaites, France in America; Fiske, New France and New England, 233-359; Parkman, Frontenac, 184-452, — Half Century of Conflict, Montcalm and Wolfe, - Pontiac, I. 69–367, II.; Wilson, American People, II. 58-61, 68-97; Gay, Bryant's History, III. 192-221, 254-328; Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac, 342-366, Mississippi Basin; King, Sieur de Bienville; Griffis, Sir William Johnson; Lodge, George Washington, I. 1-14, 54-118; Johnson, General Washington, 1–66. See also references to ch. iv.

Hart, Source Book, §§ 37-40, · Contemporaries, II. §§ 22, 109129, - Source Readers, I. § 42, II. §§ 24-32, 34, 37-44; MacDonald, Select Charters, nos. 51, 52, 54; American History Leaflets, no. 14; Old South Leaflets, nos. 9, 73; Caldwell, Surveys, 39–43, Territorial Development, 12-23. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n, Syllabus, 316,- Historical Sources, § 75.

Eggleston, American War Ballads, I. 14–20; Longfellow, Evangeline; Whittier, Pentucket; Gilbert Parker, Trail of the Sword (Canada), — Seats of the Mighty (French and Indian War); William Kirby, Golden Dog (Canada); W. J. Gordon, Englishman's Haven (Louisburg); Hawthorne, Grandfather's Chair, pt. ii. chs. vii.-x., Old News, pt. ii.; James McHenry, The Wilderness (Ohio country); B. E. Stevenson, Soldier of Virginia (Braddock and Washington); J. E. Cooke, Storics of the Old Dominion, 110-139; C. E. Craddock, Old Fort Loudon; Cooper, Last of the Mohicans, Pathfinder; Kirk Munroe, At War with Pontiac.

Winsor, America, V.; Wilson, American People, II.; Sparks, Expansion.

CHAPTER IX.

QUARREL WITH THE MOTHER COUNTRY (1763-1774)

104. New forces in the British

THE period from 1760 to 1765 is a turning point in the history both of England and of America, for it marks the beginning of a feeling of hostility between these two parts of the British Empire. The first strong and positive sovereign since William III. was the young George III., who came to the throne in 1760, and said, in a public address, "Born and bred in this country, I glory in the name of Briton." His mother used to say to him, "George, be a king"; and as soon as he could, he rid himself of the ministry of noble Whig families who controlled both houses of Parliament, and he began systematically to build up a personal gov

ernment.

Opposed to the king's policy was a group of brilliant statesmen, of whom the most famous were William Pitt (later Earl of Chatham), Charles James Fox, and Edmund Burke; they counseled wise and moderate dealing with the colonies. Notwithstanding this opposition, for a long time the king by shrewd means, by bestowing titles here, appointments there, reproofs to a third man, and banknotes where other things

From a painting by Sir William
Beechy.

Empire