Checks & Balances

65th Congress agency Amendment American Bankers Association American banking Association of Supervisors authority bank notes Bank of North Bank's bankers banking experience banking's bills bonds branch banking capital central bank charter checks and balances circulation coin colonies commercial banking competition Comptroller Congress Constitution created dual banking system economic Enacted England established existed FDIC Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve System free enterprise free-banking frontier function growth Hamilton Hamilton's bank Hugh McCulloch important individual initial institutions interest Jackson John Law land banks later laws legality legislation loans McCulloch ment Morris National Association National Banking Act national banking system National Currency Act national government needs note issue operations Panic Panics of 1893 philosophy political possessed practical private banking profit real estate regulated Second Bank Senate silver society specie speculation State-chartered Banks stockholders supervision tion trade tradition Treasury trust United York