the heavenly body by its blue colour and the earthly body by its red colour, represented this opinion on the mummy case (see Fig. 206); for the wealthy priest would prudently have

Fig. 206.

Acts, xxiii. 8.

his body embalmed even when he was not sure that it was needed for his enjoyment of a future life. Both these opinions were known to the Jews; and while the Sadducees denied that there would be any resurrection, whether angel or spirit, the Pharisees acknowledged both.

lai.

(44) When Nectanebo died he was succeeded by TACHOS at the very time that Artaxerxes Mnemon was Manetho. gathering together his forces for a fresh attack B.C. 362. upon Egypt. Tachos sent an embassy to Sparta Plutarch. with a large sum of money to engage some Greek Vit. Agesiallies; and the Spartans appointed their king Agesilaus and a council of thirty to this service, with orders to raise a body of mercenaries by means of the Egyptian gold. When Agesilaus landed in Egypt the great officers of state came to meet him, and the people crowded down to the shore to get a sight of the general who had before defeated the Persians in their own country, and was now come to check their invasion of Egypt. But they saw a little old man of above seventy years of age seated on the grass by the sea side; and when the messengers from Tachos offered him the royal presents, he only accepted the plain food, and told them that they might take the sweetmeats and perfumes to the Helots who attended the army b. xv. 92. as slaves. Agesilaus had brought with him a thousand Spartans; and Tachos gave him the command of

Diod. Sic.

Aristoteles,

his ten thousand Greek mercenaries, while he put his son the young Nectanebo at the head of his eighty thousand Egyptians. His fleet of two hundred ships he intrusted to Chabrias the Athenian, who had entered his service without permission from his own state, as the Athenians were then fighting on the side of Persia. These large preparations, however, emptied the Egyptian treasury, and except De curâ from the regular crown rents on the land, and the reif., lib. ii. voluntary gifts from the priests, Tachos had no means of filling it. Chabrias persuaded him to risk the unpopularity of laying on a tax, a measure of no difficulty in the free state of Athens, but a dangerous experiment in Polyænus, Egypt; and Tachos accordingly put a duty on the Strateg. sale of corn. By the advice of Chabrias also, the iii. 2. king levied a sum of gold and silver upon some of his richer subjects under the name of a forced loan. The injustice, however, was in some measure lessened lib. v. 14. by the payment of interest; and at last the whole was repaid to them. Chabrias drew up his fleet within the Pelusiac branch of the river, where the Greek sailors under Psammetichus had made an intrenchment with a suitable sea beach; and the place afterwards bore the name of the Camps of Chabrias.

Pliny,

Diod. Sic.

army,

and

(45) Tachos did not wait to be attacked by the Persians, but he led his army into Palestine to meet them. lib. xv. 92. He had refused to follow the wise advice of Agesilaus, who wished him to stay at home to guard his capital from enemies whether foreign or Egyptian, and to trust his armies to his generals; and he soon found out his mistake. While he was in Palestine with his his son Nectanebo, whom he had made general of the Egyptian troops, was besieging some towns in Syria, the unpopularity of the Greek mercenaries and of the new tax raised the Egyptians in rebellion; and the prefect of Egypt, with the troops that were left behind to garrison the cities, declared the young Nectanebo king in the place of his father. When the news reached the army in Palestine the whole of the Egyptian troops, hardly needing the large promises with which they were bribed, declared in favour of their brethren at home, and they immediately marched to Egypt with young NECTANEBO, leaving Tachos in Palestine.

Chabriæ.

(46) While this was going forward, the Athenians, from a wish to please their friend Artaxerxes, had by a Cornelius public vote recalled Chabrias from the command of Nepos, Vit the Egyptian fleet, and at the same time Tachos Athenæus, quarrelled with Agesilaus. In his anger he laughed lib. xiv. at his small size, and quoted against him the fable, that when the mountain was in labour and the gods frightened, it brought forth a mouse. "You will soon find me a lion," said Agesilaus; and he left the king's service to join that of his rebellious son in Egypt. On this the kingdom was lost to Tachos; his subjects were in rebellion, and he had no mercenaries. He sent from Palestine to make terms with Artaxerxes,

lib. xv. 92.

and then fled into Persia, feeling less in fear of the Diod. Sic. Persian armies than of a rebellious son. He gave up his independence in hopes of recovering his kingdom; and Artaxerxes, who wished to gain possession of Egypt, not to conquer Tachos, promised him his friendship and the help of the very army that had been employed against him. Fortunately, however, before the Persian army moved, Artaxerxes Mnemon died; and thus the Egyptians kept their freedom a few years longer.

(47) We hear no more of the dethroned Tachos after his flight into Persia. He had hitherto lived a temperate Ælianus, life, but he gave himself up to Persian luxury after lib. v. 1. his fall from the throne. The foreign dishes did not agree with his health, and he very shortly died of a dysentery. He had reigned about two years.

Manetho.

Plutarch.

silai.

(48) Nectanebo's first trouble was a serious rebellion which began at the city of Mendes, and was probably headed by one of the descendants of Nepherites, Vit. Agewhose family had before reigned in that city. The king would have been defeated, had not Agesilaus the Spartan, who before fought for Tachos, been still engaged in the Egyptian service. The rebel from Mendes brought a large army into the field, and drove Nectanebo and Agesilaus to shut themselves up in the city of Tanis. He then sat down before the place for a regular siege, and he had drawn his trenches nearly round the city, when the Greeks sallied forth under the old Agesilaus, and led Nectanebo safely through the besieging army. After two or three other battles the Mendesian was wholly routed and the rebellion put down.

(49) Agesilaus the Spartan deserved and received the thanks of Nectanebo for this service; but he refused his rewards, and he astonished the luxurious Egyptians as much by the plainness of his dress and diet, and the hardiness of his way of life, as by his skill and bravery in battle. He distributed among his followers the whole of the large gift of two hundred and twenty talents, which Nectanebo sent him when he was returning to Sparta. But Agesilaus never reached home alive. When he arrived at the port of Menelaus, between Egypt and Cyrene, he was seized with illness, and there he breathed his last. His body was covered with wax for want of honey, and thus carried to Sparta.

lib. xvi. 40.

sect. 43.

(50) Artaxerxes Ochus, the next king of Persia, soon renewed the war. In his first invasion he was Diod. Sic. unsuccessful, and he returned home laughed at by the Egyptians and his own allies. Of the latter, Cyprus, Phenicia, and Cilicia, taking advantage of his weak ness, revolted and joined the Egyptians. Before the Persian king next moved his forces towards Egypt his first aim was to reconquer those states; for in losing them he lost his fleet and his best sailors. He got together from all parts of his large empire an army of three hundred thousand foot, thirty thousand horse, three hundred ships of war, and five Longinus, hundred ships of burden. His other supplies were equally large. Every nation and city of Asia sent embassies with gifts, not only of food and other necessaries for the army, but of all such costly articles as trembling subjects would think agreeable to a haughty monarch who had called upon them for supplies. Theopompus the historian describes at length the beasts of burden laden with luxuries for the palate, the droves of oxen for slaughter, the little mountains of salted fish and meat, the volumes of books, the countless weapons of war, both Grecian and barbarian, the tents heavy with cloth of gold, the costly couches and carpets, the embroidered and scarlet robes, cups and vases of chased silver and wrought gold, and others ornamented with precious stones and of exquisite workmanship. Nothing among the most rare productions of the earth or the most valued achievements of art was forgotten in this tribute to a monarch marching to the conquest of a rebellious province.

(51) Artaxerxes got possession of Sidon by the help of the treachery of Tennes, the chief citizen there; and, as a traitor can only be of use once, he then put him to lib. xvi. 45. death. On this first success all Phenicia surrendered

Diod. Sic.

B.C. 349.

lib. xvi. 47.

to the Persians, and in the course of the year the greater part of Cyprus did the same. Then the Greek mercenaries joined the Persian army more readily, and the next year Ochus a second time led his forces towards Egypt. After some little delay from the sand-banks off the mouth of the Nile, the Persian land and sea forces at the same time reached Pelusium. Ochus himself accompanied his army, and encamped near this city, and placed his Greek mercenaries in the front. Nectanebo, on his part, had not been idle. He had fortified all the mouths Diod. Sic. of the Nile and the cities on his Arabian frontier, and bad got together an army of twenty thousand Greek mercenaries, twenty thousand Libyans, and sixty thousand of the Egyptian militia. But he was ruined, as his father had been, by refusing to follow the advice of his Greek generals. He was at first too rash, and would not keep on the defensive; but having met with a trifling loss he was then too timid, and retreated with half his army to cover Memphis. Had he remained at his post, the Greeks would no doubt have guarded his kingdom; but he retreated, and the invading army was left at leisure to lay siege to Pelusium in due form. The Persians emptied the city moat by drawing off the water into other channels. They then brought up their machines on the dry ground, and with their batteringrams made a wide breach in the walls. The Greek garrison, however, was not easily discouraged; they again and again stopped up the breach by wooden beams; and it was only after they heard of the flight of Nectanebo that they made terms with the besiegers for their own safety. They gave up the city to the Persians on receiving a promise from Lacrates, the Greek commander in the Persian service, that they should be sent to Greece in safety. The Persian generals would have broken this promise; but Ochus supported Lacrates, and the garrison and citizens were treated kindly according to the agreement. In the same way, when the city of Bubastis was conquered, Ochus would allow no prisoners to be taken, but ordered the garrison and the in