253 254 Athenæum, Pall Mall Gazette, Pall Mall Gazette, 14. MR. GOSCHEN ON THE CONDITION OF ENGLAND, Spectator, 15. CANADA AS AN ALLY, FOUR SONNETS BY JEAN INGELOW,. 1. Work. 2. Wishing. Spectator, NUMBERS OF THE LIVING AGE WANTED. The publishers are in want of Nos. 1179 and 1180 (dated respectively Jan. 5th and Jan. 12th, 1867) of THE LIVING AGE. To cubscribers, or others, who will do us the favor to send us either or both of those numbers, we will return an equivalent, either in our publications or in cash, until our wants are supplied. PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY FOR EIGHT DOLLARS, remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually for warded for a year, free of postage. But we do not prepay postage on less than a year, nor where we have to pay commission for forwarding the money. Price of the First Series, in Cloth, 36 volumes, 90 dollars. Second " 20 32 " " 50 80 The Complete Work, Any Volume Bound, 3 dollars; Unbound, 2 dollars. The sets, or volumes, will be sent at the expense of the publishers. PREMIUMS FOR CLUBS. For 5 new subscribers ($40.), a sixth copy; or a set of HORNE'S INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE, unabridged, in 4 large volumes, cloth, price $10; or any 5 of the back volumes of the LIVING AGE, in numbers, price $10. sence of which in man must possess so pow- of their cranium is less than that of their erful an influence in leading him to exercise face, appearing in fact as if it were only an his ingenuity in improving his condition by appendage of the latter, whilst in man the the discovery of fire and the wearing of opposite obtains. So, also, the supra-orbital clothes. In addition, the peripheric sensi- crests are enormous in the apes, and destibility arising from the conformation of his tute of function, for they contain nothing. hand and of its tactile papillæ, is the correl- They constitute simply a symbol of besative of a sixth sense, the geometric sense, tiality." The cranial sutures, again, are the employment of which is manifest. Sec- precocious, and the forehead is absent. An ondly, the ape has a canine tooth, which examination of the simian skull as a whole serves him as a weapon, and the absence of shows it to be contracted laterally, poswhich in man has led him to invent arms of teriorly, and even superiorly, by muscles steadily advancing improvement. Thirdly, which contrast strongly with those of the a difference exists in the direction of the skull of man.. The concave face and reaxis of the body when the natural posture treating chin produce a muzzle or tendency is assumed: and this, as is rendered evident to prognathism, which contrasts even with by the form, arrangement, and structure of the negro. The eye is not placed below the the bones, down to their most minute de- brain, and its axis, instead of being horizontails, is horizontal in the ape, but vertical tal, is directed downwards and outwards. In regard to the muscular system, The inter-orbital septum is narrow, and the the most marke 1 points of difference exist: nose is flattened. M. Bey then points out and the same may be said of the circulatory the characters of the superior maxillary system; in which, as Gratiolet observes, the bone, and notices the persistence of the inarterial process is much more completely ter-maxillary bone and sutures. He then developed in man. The structure of the discusses the differential characters derived viscera, again, in the gorilla and chimpan- from the teeth, and from the internal mould zee, clearly indicates their herbivorous na- of the cranium, and concludes by remarking ture. Lastly, there are the differences which that the ape differs anatomically from man, depend on the nails, the beard, and the not only by simple degradation, but by a penal bone. M. Pruner Bey then contrasts contrast evident in every part. Even from the crania of the negro and the Chinaman its first appearance in the Miocene, if we with those of the gorilla, the chimpanzee, may judge from the mandible and the bones orang, and two others, all of which latter of the extremities, the ape presents all the present an appearance similar to, yet distinct characters observable in existing species; from, that of the two former. In the latter, man, in fact, constitutes not a kingdom however, it may be noted that the surface only, but a world apart." in man. : RUSKIN ON WAR AND WOMEN MR. RUSKIN, | own drawing-room tables, no war in civilized at the close of a recent lecture on war, addressed countries would last a week. I tell you more, to the Royal Military College, Woolwich, made that, at whatever moment you choose to put a the following remarks to the ladies present:· period to war, you could do it with less trouble "You may wonder, perhaps, that I have spoken than you take any day to go out to dinner. You this night in praise of war. Yet truly, if it know, or at least you might know, if you would might be, I, for one, would fain join the cadence | think, that every battle you hear of his made of hammer-strokes that should beat swords into many orphans and widows. We have none of plough shares; and that this cannot be, is not us heart enough truly to mourn with these; but, the fault of us men. It is your fault. Wholly at least, we might put on the outer symbols of yours. Only by your command, or by your mourning with them. Let but every Christian permission, can any contest take place among lady who has a conscience toward Gol vow that And the real, final reason for all the pov- she will mourn, at least outwardly, for His erty, misery, and rage of battle throughout Eu- killed creatures. Your praying is useless, and rope is simply that you women, however good your church-going mere mockey of Gol, if you and religious, however self-sacrificing for those have not plain obedience in you to your conwhom you love, are too selfish and too thought- science. Let every lady in the happy classes of less to take pains for any creature out of your civilized Europe simply vow that, while any cruel immediate circles. You fancy that you are war proceeds, she will wear black-a mute's sorry for the pain of others. Now, I just tell you this; that if the usual course of war, instead of unroofing peasants' houses and ravaging peasants' fields, merely broke china upon your us. black- with no jewel, no ornament, no excuse for an invasion into prettiness: I tell you again, no war would last a week." Graphic. WHAT IS MONEY? he Contemporary Review. #FECT ON THE RATE OF DIS COUNT? * 195 which belongs to many different things or to one only? Is it a generic term, comprising within its range several substances o speak on a very familiar individually distinct but all distinguished ey is so well-known a thing for one special and determinate object? by some common qualities? or is it a name to be an almost wantonly idle to set about explaining it to In answering these questions we are forinen. Yet there is scarcely a tunately able to take our start from a de whole range of political econ- there is no difference of opinion whatever. point on which all are agreed, on which ch more urgently calls for an accu- It is a great matter that there is a sense of d rigorous definition of its meaning the word money which no one disputes, .he word money. Every science in which is equally recognized by the man has cruelly suffered from the loose of science and by every other person in the t of attaching many ill-digested, and en conflicting, senses to the same word; community. Coin is money. Money may it none, I believe, has been so great a vic-coin is included in the expression money express something else besides, but that im in this respect as political economy is a proposition which none will challenge. It borrows its language from common life; The derivation itself of the word proclaims it is compelled, as a science, to assign to the fact. It comes from Moneta, the temit a sharply determined meaning; but it is most difficult to impress that meaning on coin was made, the mint from which the ple of Juno Moneta, in which the Roman the common understanding of men. The every-day world uses language after its stamped pieces of metal were issued which own fashion, with little reflection and constituted the currency of Rome. The no science; it is ever transferring the same which implies minting, that is, the shaping word money consequently is an expression term to different objects, often from a fancied similarity which has no foundation in and stamping those metallic coins which are fact. Political economy is thus exposed to required for the purposes of buying and perpetual misinterpretation. The mischief, selling. So far the political economist is on however, would be comparatively slight if safe ground — he has a first principle from it were confined to its hearers; but it which he may derive every logical consespreads even to its teachers, and the ravages quence with perfect security. Whatever is which it then commits true of coin is true of money. are disastrous. Every reThe loose expressions of common talk are sult which the analysis of coin yields bemade the foundation of scientific exposition; definite and tangible substance which will longs equally to money; science acquires a they are taken as the primary elements of teach much about the nature of money. the science; and the inaccuracy they involve becomes the more mischievous pre- the examination of a coin can yield us. Let us consider, then, what instruction cisely in proportion as the deductions are is a shaped piece of metal with a mark drawn with severe and skilful logic. It thus behoves the political economist, be- upon it. The first point to observe is that yond all other men of science, to be jealouscious, very expensive to procure, possessed it is a valuable article; the metal is preof the language which he is forced to pro- of high value. Whoever has obtained a of the exact nature of the first principles sovereign, whether on the sale of goods or rule been more faithfully and more gen- This is a most important fact. You canHad this great shillings' worth of property to acquire it. in payment of a debt, has given twenty erally observed, the word money would not have needed the definition which it re-will find it do good service when we come not bear it too constantly in mind; you quires to-day. cure from common life, and to be careful which he derives from it. It What then is money? Is it a word to deal with City articles and City authorities, who assure the world that it is always Read to the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce, an excellent thing to import gold into England, who like the balance of trade, as they April 12, FOUR SONNETS BY JEAN INGELOW. I. — WORK. LIKE coral insects multitudinous The minutes are whereof our life is made. They build it up as in the deep's blue shade It grows, it comes to light, and then, and thus For both there is an end. The populous Sea-blossoms close, our minutes that have paid Life's debt of work are spent; the work is laid Before their feet that shall come after us. We may not stay to watch if it will speed, The tard if on some luter's string his song Live sweetly yet; the hero if his star Doth shine. Work is its own best earthly meed, Else have we none more than the sea-born No, not to feel, as Blondel when his lay Pierced the strong tower, and Richard answered it No, not to do, as Eustace on the day He left fair Calais to her weeping fit No, not to be Columbus, waked from sleep When his new world rose from the charmed deep. III ON THE BORDERS OF CANNOCK CHASE. A COTTAGER leaned whispering by her hives, Telling the bees some news, as they lit down, And entered one by one their waxen town. Larks passioning hung o'er their brooding wives, And all the sunny hills where heather thrives, A resting-place for light, They that were bred here love it; but they say, "We shall not have it long; in three years' Thine like, thus differs; form and presence laid In this dim chamber of enforced rest, It is the unseen "shade" which risen, hath pressed Above all heights where feet Olympian strayed. My soul admires to hear thee speak; thy thought Falls from a high place like an August star, Or some great eagle from his air-hung rings; When swooping past a snow-cold mountain scar Down the steep slope of a long sunbeam brought, MODERN VERSIONS OF THE CLASSICS. (In the original metre of Anacreon.) Paint me first her flowing tresses, From The Contemporary Review. AND HAS IT ANY EFFECT ON THE RATE OF DIS COUNT?* which belongs to many different things or to one only? Is it a generic term, comprising within its range several substances individually distinct but all distinguished I PROPOSE to speak on a very familiar subject. Money is so well-known a thing for one special and determinate object? by some common qualities? or is it a name that it seems to be an almost wantonly idle In answering these questions we are foroccupation to set about explaining it to grown-up men. Yet there is scarcely a tunately able to take our start from a word in the whole range of political econ- there is no difference of opinion whatever. point on which all are agreed, on which omy which more urgently calls for an accu- It is a great matter that there is a sense of rate and rigorous definition of its meaning the word money which no one disputes, than the word money. Every science in which is equally recognized by the man turn has cruelly suffered from the loose of science and by every other person in the habit of attaching many ill-digested, and community. Coin is money. Money may often conflicting, senses to the same word; but none, I believe, has been so great a vic-coin is included in the expression money express something else besides, but that tim in this respect as political economy is a proposition which none will challenge. It borrows its language from common life; The derivation itself of the word proclaims it is compelled, as a science, to assign to the fact. It comes from Moneta, the temit a sharply determined meaning; but it is most difficult to impress that meaning on coin was made, the mint from which the ple of Juno Moneta, in which the Roman the common understanding of men. The stamped pieces of metal were issued which every-day world uses language after its constituted the currency of Rome. The own fashion, with little reflection and word no science; it is ever transferring the same which implies minting, that is, the shaping money consequently is an expression term to different objects, often from a fanand stamping those metallic coins which are cied similarity which has no foundation in fact. Political economy is thus exposed to selling. So far the political economist is on required for the purposes of buying and perpetual misinterpretation. The mischief, safe ground he has a first principle from however, would be comparatively slight if which he may derive every logical conseit were confined to its hearers; but it spreads even to its teachers, and the ravages true of coin is true of money. Every requence with perfect security. Whatever is which it then commits are disastrous. sult which the analysis of coin yields beThe loose expressions of common talk are made the foundation of scientific exposition; definite and tangible substance which will longs equally to money; science acquires a they are taken as the primary elements of teach much about the nature of money. the science; and the inaccuracy they inLet us consider, then, what instruction volve becomes the more mischievous pre- the examination of a coin can yield us. It cisely in proportion as the deductions are is a shaped piece of metal with a mark drawn with severe and skilful logic. It thus behoves the political economist, be- upon it. The first point to observe is that it is a valuable article; the metal is preyond all other men of science, to be jealouscious, very expensive to procure, possessed of the language which he is forced to pro- of high value. Whoever has obtained a of the exact nature of the first principles in payment of a debt, has given twenty sovereign, whether on the sale of goods or which he derives from it. Had this great shillings' worth of property to acquire it. rule been more faithfully and more gen- This is a most important fact. You canerally observed, the word money would not bear it too constantly in mind; you not have needed the definition which it re-will find it do good service when we come quires to-day. cure from common life, and to be careful What then is money? Is it a word to deal with City articles and City authorities, who assure the world that it is always an excellent thing to import gold into England, who like the balance of trade, as they |