51. What is the relative value of Christian morality and other school studies? What is the conclusion as to reading the Bible in the schools without note or comment? What evidence is given that some lay Catholics will stand with us for the common schools?

52. To what extent has scientific temperance education been introduced in the public schools? What additional subjects of moral education are suggested? What fundamental principle underlies all forms of gambling?

$53. What aid might colleges appropriately give to moral reforms in the way of education and agitation?

$54. What is the purpose and what the most popular form of university extension? What new class of themes for extension lectures is suggested?

55. What is the ideal of the university settlement? What difficulties are encountered in the field of religion, and what course is taken as to them in representative settlements?

56. How is the Sabbath of educational value to working men? $57. What plan is suggested to develop newspapers that will be a mental and moral force in public education? What standard is presented as to its tone? What is the usual rule in prisons as to admitting newspapers? How is it suggested that news should be told?

$58. On what is it suggested we should concentrate our hopes of reform ?

SUBJECTS FOR DEBATE, DISCUSSION, INVESTIGATION, IN WOMEN'S CLUBS, TEACHERS' INSTITUTES, College Societies, etc.

(See other questions at close of other lectures and Ballot on Reforms in Appendix.)

1. Should women be held to a higher standard than men in moral conduct as to purity, drink, tobacco, conversation, etc.? 2. Should crimes against purity be punished as severely, at least, as crimes against property? 3. Should the " age of consent" for the person be as high, at least, as for property? 4. Would the proposed high tax on bachelorhood be justifiable and efficient? 5. Is family affection mostly a natural or a Christian grace? 6. Is boarding for families justifiable? 7. Is cooperative housekeeping practicable? 8. Should the whipping-post be revived as a punishment for wife-beaters and others who have inflicted physical suffering? 9. Should full divorce with privilege of remarriage be granted for one cause only? 10. Is a national, constitutional marriage and divorce law desirable? 11. Ought social clubs for men only to be discouraged? 12. Is the opposition to secret societies justifiable? 13. Can the four-in-hand, religion and reform, the dance and the theater, be driven successfully together? 14. Is equal suffrage woman's right and duty? 15. Is training more influential than heredity in the molding of character? 16. Are more stringent laws needed against child labor? 17. Should married women be forbidden to work away from home? 18. Can the payment of lower wages to women than to men for like work be justified? 19. Are women to-day generally inferior to men, intellectually and educationally?

20. Does the Boys' Brigade cultivate the war spirit? 21. Should the approval of a probate court be made a necessary prerequisite to placing

children in charitable institutions? 22. Is the withholding of State funds from all towns that neglect to enforce the compulsory education law, as in New York State, a proper and efficient method of securing obedience to the law? 23. Is the kindergarten the best form of elementary education at the beginning of school life? 24. Should attendance at devotions be compulsory in schools and colleges? 25. Can American public schools consistently teach Christian morals by Bible reading or otherwise? 26. Is it just to refuse to divide the school fund with parochial schools? 27. Is it an excessive paternalism for the State or City to provide free text-books for school pupils? 28. In the poor districts of cities should free lunches be provided for school children? 29. Has Massachusetts gone beyond proper paternalism in requiring every town to furnish a highschool and industrial education to all pupils asking for either in its own schools or by payment of tuition and transportation in schools of other towns? 30. Is it proper for taxes to be used to provide college education in State universities? 31. Should college faculties turn over to civil courts students guilty of hazing? 32. Is it desirable that college professors of economics should take a leading part in the solution of economic questions which are in politics? 33. Should the current form of football be abolished? 34. Is it desirable in university settlement work to be agnostic in practice toward religion? 35. Is it for the public good to have public libraries open on Sunday? 36. Can any reading except of novels, newspapers, and magazines be made popular? 37. Is it practicable to establish clean newspapers? 38. Has Sabbath rest an adequate scientific basis?

(We commend The Lyceum League of America, I Beacon Street, Boston, as a helpful agency for the establishment of debating societies in preparation for good citizenship.)

FIELD WORK.

I. Examine county or town statistics of marriages, births, and divorces for a period of years to ascertain if average age of marriage has increased, average number in family decreased, and whether divorces are proportionately greater. Causes given publicly for divorce are not real ones. Offensive causes like drunkenness are often hidden to make divorce easy. It would be of value to ascertain what percentage of a county's cases, in opinion of neighbors, is correctly stated. 2. Visit all local schools; ascertain as to observance of compulsory education law and temperance education law. 3. Secure analysis of so-called “ temperance drinks and bitters" locally sold. 4. Tabulate local papers as to relative space given to important and unimportant news; note omissions, etc.

RALPH WALDO EMERSON: Truth is the summit of being; justice is the application of it to affairs.-Essays, 2d Series, p. 81.

GEORGE DANA BOARDMAN, D. D., LL. D. Bravely obey Jesus Christ, and Utopia, ideal land of Nowhere, becomes actuality, real land of Everywhere. Address on The Disarmament of Nations, before Christian Arbitration and Peace Society, 1890.

JOSIAH STRONG, D. D.: We shall have no industrial peace until political economy becomes a department of applied Christianity.- The New Era.

PROFESSOR JOHN R. COMMONS: Christianity is the cause of our social problems. There would be no problem at all, were it not for our Christian ideals, which abhor injustice and inequality.-Social Reform and the Church.

Professor Geo. D. HERRON: Not God and the people, which the Italian Revolution inscribed upon its banner, but God in the people, is the power that is overcoming the tyrannies and slaveries, the falsehoods and hypocrisies in the world.-The New Redemption.

HON. T. V. POWDERLY, Ex-Master Workman, Knights of Labor : If every member. would boycott strong drink . . for five years and would pledge his word to study the labor question from its different standpoints, we would then have an invincible host arrayed on the side of justice. Quoted, Roads' Christ Enthroned in the Industrial World.

JAMES A. FROUDE: That which notably distinguishes a high order of man from a low order of man, that which constitutes both human goodness and greatness, is not the degree of intelligence with which men pursue their own advantage, but it is disregard of personal pleasure, indulgence, gain, present or remote, because some other line of conduct is more directly right.

A. M. FAIRBAIRN, D. D.: The ethical is the strongest and most significant tendency in social and political thought. And so men are coming to see more clearly that, for moral rather than economic reasons, questions between classes are never merely class questions, and that what depresses the standard of living in any one class lowers the level and worth of life throughout the community as a whole. And this idea is so penetrating the community that we see it daily becoming more distinctly conscious that it is as responsible for safeguarding the skill which is the sole property of the artisan, and, as far as possible, securing his happiness also, as for protecting the employer in the use and enjoyment of his capital.-Religion in History and in Modern Life, p. 8.

113

III. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF CAPITAL AND LABOR."

§ 1. THE message of the Church, when confronted with the problems of poverty in the past, has been, to the poor,' Patience; to the rich, Charity. At last, from the standpoint of Christianity, as well as from that of labor, we are learning to write above both words,

5

JUSTICE.*

Here is a point of general agreement, such as should be found as common ground to start upon together in every controversy. That the present industrial system, which in its maturity is not a competitive system but a monopolistic system, works great injustice to the poor and to the public, and that not in rare exceptions but on a large and increasing scale," and should therefore be at least modified, will hardly be questioned, however widely even good men may differ as to remedies.

Plato taught that justice is moral health; injustice, disease. The industrial sickness of the body politic today is injustice. Only by justice can it be cured. the equitable is practicable.

Only

Labor appeals for justice, not for pity. Many preachers ask better wages for labor from compassion, on the basis of that misquotation of Henry George, "The rich are growing richer and the poor are growing poorer." Labor's real claim is that, of the great increase of wealth caused by modern machinery, labor has not had its fair share. "The grievance point of view," says the organ of the American Railway Union, "is this: Labor is habitually wronged by the employer and not sufficiently