preferences and religious faith have no place in estimating professional efficiency, and we demand that the selection, promotion, and displacement of school officers and teachers be made on professional grounds alone. We are glad to recognize that the schools exist solely for the education of the pupils, and not as a means of support for teachers; yet, because of the increasing demands made upon teachers, and the exacting character of their preparation and work, it is in the public interest that their compensation be so adjusted as to encourage them to make teaching a life work, and to secure recognition for long-continued service and efficiency.. We invite attention to the dangers to the public health that result from the contact of children in crowded schools, unless both the children and the community are protected from the spread of contagious diseases by constant medical inspection, and the skilled oversight of sanitary and hygienic conditions. It is the duty of every community, particularly of every large city, to make provision for such inspection and oversight. This policy is not only one of true economy, but also of enlightened self-interest. The forward movement in education has our unwavering and enthusiastic support. Education is that social function by which the products of civilization are transmitted and enriched, and in this process the school plays a leading part. Insight into the forces that have shaped human development and the sympathetic study of the growing child are the mainsprings of its work. We urge upon teachers generally the appreciation of this fact, as well as the necessity for so shaping their studies and reading as to increase their knowledge in both of these directions. The accepted division of the work of instruction into elementary, secondary, and higher is a convenient classification for administrative purposes, but it must not be allowed to conceal the fact that intellectual and moral development are constant and continuous, and that all education is essentially a unit. Every type or class of school is affected by the efficiency or the inefficiency of other schools associated with it in the educational system. The best interests of elementary education require association with, and support from, secondary and higher educational institutions that are freely open to the children of the people, in order that the standard of our civilization may be constantly raised by an increasing number of men and women trained for leadership. We welcome every new step in the steadily advancing movement to increase the necessary qualifications of teachers. A high-school education, and at least one additional year's professional study of the history, principles, and practice of teaching, should be the minimum toward the establishment of which we should work. We tender to the president and to the other officers of the government an expression of our sympathy and patriotic support in the unhappy contest in which our country is engaged. Much as war is to be deplored, the teachers of the United States recognize that the present struggle now being so triumphantly prosecuted has been entered upon in the most unselfish spirit, and from the loftiest motives. The cause of freedom and humanity is promoted, and the solidarity both of the American people and of the AngloSaxon race vastly increased, by an armed contest conducted in such a spirit, for such purposes, and with such determination and valor. The nation's great army of peace extends to the nation's soldiers and sailors its congratulations and its grateful appreciation for the manifestation of the high qualities of courage and of skill that have won so brilliant a succession of victories for the American arms, both on land and on sea. Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, in behalf of the Committee on Resolutions, offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted: Resolved, That the thanks of the National Educational Association are due, and are hereby most cordially tendered, to all individuals and organizations which have contributed so largely to the size, comfort, and convenience of this meeting. We may in particular express our obligations to Colonel Henry F. Blount, president of the General Committee; to President B. L. Whitman, D.D., chairman of the Executive Committee; to William B. Powell, A.M., superintendent of schools, and to the several chairmen and members of the various subcommittees, the fruit of whose abundant labors has been so manifest on every side. To the citizens of Washington for their cordial welcome; to the newspapers of the city for their full and accurate reports of our proceedings; to the railroads and transportation companies for their generous and cordial co-operation, and to Messrs. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, proprietors of the Remington Standard Typewriter, for generous and efficient service to executive officers and members of the association, we are under obligations that we most cordially recognize. DR. BUTLER: I am instructed by the Committee on Resolutions to ask you, Mr. Secretary, to put this motion: Resolved, That we tender our retiring President, Dr. James M. Greenwood, this expression of our affection and respect, and our high sense of appreciation of his services to education and to this association. The Secretary put the motion of Dr. Butler, and the resolution was unanimously adopted. PRESIDENT GREENWOOD: Ladies and Gentlemen: It becomes my duty at this moment to return to you the charge as President of the National Educational Association of the United States which you intrusted to me a year ago. To you, President Lyte, I will say that I trust, during the coming year, the duties of your office will fall upon you as pleasantly as they have fallen upon me. I am sure that you appreciate the responsibility you are about to assume. I trust the members of the association will give you their generous support, as they have given it to me. I trust you will have as good fortune in the selection of the place of meeting and of a local committee in the coming year as I have had in the past. I do not know of an occasion in the history of this association when the general program, as well as the programs of the various departments, have been as perfect in every respect as they have been here in this beautiful city, the capital of our country. It is no small incentive to remember that there is no such organization in the world as the one that I now turn over to your hands. I trust the year will be a successful one to you as the President-elect of the National Educational Association. President Lyte responded as follows: I appreciate very highly the honor that has been conferred upon me. I appreciate also the responsibilities devolving upon anyone who assumes even a part of the direction of this association, and I promise you here and now to perform my duties to the best of my knowledge and ability. It must be remembered, however, that the highest degree of success can be achieved only by hearty co-operation of all of the officers and members; and I trust we shall have your co-operation, in order that the next meeting may be a fit successor to the great meeting just closing in this beautiful city, where we have been considering great questions concerning the molding of the educational thought of this country; where we have, in some degree at least, determined the educational policy of this, the greatest nation in the world in the language of Dr. Winship, "this imperial republic," a nation without a peer in the intelligence and valor of its sons, and in the virtue and nobility of character of its daughters. It is especially appropriate at this time when the boys of the sunny South laugh at being called "Yankees;" when the boys from the North fall in line and march to the tune of "Dixie ;" when the teachers from the North, South, East, and West are all engaged in rubbing out "Mason and Dixon's line;" when in this country there is no North, no South, no East, no West, but a united land—it is especially appropriate that this great body should adjourn with the national hymn, "My Country, 'Tis of Thee." We shall ask the band, therefore, to lead us in that hymn, after which we shall be dismissed with benediction by Rev. Dr. Whitman, of Columbian University. The audience arose and sang "America," with accompaniment by the National Guard Brigade Band. Dr. Whitman pronounced a benediction, and the thirty-seventh annual meeting of the National Educational Association was declared adjourned sine die. IRWIN SHEPARD, JAMES M. GREENWOOD, Secretary. President. MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR 1897-98 COSMOS CLUB. - THURSDAY, JULY 7, 3 P. M. The Board of Directors of the National Educational Association was called to order by President J. M. Greenwood in the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C., at 3 P. M., Thursday, July 7, 1898. On the call of the roll by the Secretary, the following named directors responded: James M. Greenwood, Missouri; Nicholas Murray Butler, New York; W. R. Garrett, Tennessee; I. C. McNeill, Wisconsin; Albert G. Lane, Illinois; Charles R. Skinner, New York; Newton C. Dougherty, Illinois; Aaron Gove, Colorado; W. T. Harris, Washington, D. C.; Albert P. Marble, New York; Charles I. Parker, Illinois; A. R. Taylor, Kansas; John S. Locke, Maine; A. S. Downing, New York; S. T. Skidmore, Pennsylvania; W. B. Powell, District of Columbia; Mae E. Schreiber, Wisconsin; John R. Kirk, Missouri; A. H. Avery, South Dakota; John MacDonald, Kansas; R. S. Bingham, Washington; W. E. Sheldon, Massachusetts; J. Ormond Wilson, District of Columbia; F. E. Howard, Connecticut; James M. Green, New Jersey; A. H. Berlin, Delaware; W. H. Anderson, West Virginia; W. M. Beardshear, Iowa; W. S. Stockwell, North Dakota; C. G. Pearse, Nebraska; L. C. Greenlee, Colorado; F. Louis Soldan, Missouri; Irwin Shepard, Minnesota. Present, thirty-two. On motion of Director Dougherty, of Illinois, the reading of the minutes of the last meeting of the board was dispensed with, and the minutes as printed in the volume of proceedings for 1897 were approved as printed. Treasurer I. C. McNeill presented his report, and explained in detail the various items thereof. On motion of Director Skinner, the report of the Treasurer was received, approved, and ordered printed in the volume of proceedings for 1898; and the thanks of the Board of Directors were tendered to the Treasurer for his fidelity to the interests of the association. In response to an inquiry by Director MacDonald, the Secretary explained that the enhanced cost of publishing the bound volume of proceedings was due to an increase in the amount of matter which became necessary from year to year, owing to the addition of new departments, and also to the larger editions demanded to meet the steady annual increase in the number of calls for the volume. On motion of Mr. Vaile, the Board of Directors, after full discussion, concurred in the action of the committee of the Department of Superintendence, and approved the adoption of the following amended spellings for use in the proceedings of that department, as follows: Program (programme), tho (though), altho (although), thoro (thorough), thorofare (thoroughfare), thru (through), thruout (throughout), catalog (catalogue), prolog (prologue), decalog (decalogue), demagog (demagogue), pedagog (pedagogue). On motion of Director Kirk, of Missouri, the following resolution was adopted: Resolved, That in publishing the proceedings of this and other meetings of the National Educational Association, until it is otherwise ordered, the Secretary be directed to use the simplified spellings recommended by the committee appointed at the Indianapolis meeting of the Department of Superintendence. Director Lane, chairman of the Board of Trustees, submitted the annual report of the Board of Trustees and explained the several items thereof; which, after discussion by the directors, was received, approved, and ordered printed in the volume of proceedings for 1898. Director Nicholas Murray Butler presented certain proposed amendments to the constitution of the association, which, after discussion and amendment, were unanimously concurred in and recommended to the general association for adoption. The proposed amendments, as recommended by the Board of Directors, were as follows: Amend Art. IV, sec. 2, last paragraph, so as to read : The President of the National Educational Association, the First Vice-President, the Treasurer, the chairman of the Board of Trustees, and the United States Commissioner of Education shall constitute the Executive Committee. Amend Art. IV, sec. 3, by inserting in the first line, after the word " association," the words "with the exception of the Secretary." Amend Art. IV, sec. 3, by altering the second sentence so as to make it read, "The officers so chosen shall continue in office," etc. The amended section would then read as follows: Sec. 3. The elective officers of the association, with the exception of the Secretary, shall be chosen by the active members of the association by ballot, unless otherwise ordered, on the third day of each annual session, a majority of the votes cast being necessary to a choice. The officers so chosen shall continue in office until the close of the annual session subsequent to their election, and until their successors are chosen, except as hereinafter provided. Further amend Art. IV by adding a new section, as follows: Sec. 11. The Board of Trustees shall elect the Secretary of the association, who shall also be secretary of the Executive Committee, and shall fix his compensation and his term of office for a period not to exceed four years. On motion of Director Butler, the following distinguished educators were unanimously elected as corresponding members of this association; and the Secretary of the association was instructed to have prepared suitably engrossed certificates of membership, to be signed by the United States Commissioner of Education, the President and Secretary of the association, and transmitted to the respective corresponding members: MISS DOROTHEA BEALE, principal of Ladies' College, Cheltenham, London, England. SIR JOSHUA G. FITCH, LL.D., formerly her majesty's inspector of training colleges and lecturer on education at the University of Cambridge, 13 Leinster square, Bayswater, W., London, England. S. S. LAURIE, LL.D., professor of the history and institutes of education in the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. DR. E. LEVASSEUR, professor at the College of France, president of the Statistical Commission for Primary Instruction. FRIEDRICH PAULSEN, PH.D., professor of philosophy and education in the University of Berlin, Germany. MICHAEL SADLER, A.M., director of special inquiries and reports, Department of Education, Whitehall, S. W., London, England. HON. E. LYULPH STANLEY, member of the London school board. All business having been completed, the board adjourned. IRWIN SHEPARD, Secretary. JAMES M. GREENWOOD, President. MINUTES OF A MEETING OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR 1898–99. COSMOS CLUB.-SATURDAY, JULY 9, 3 P. M. The board was called to order by President-elect E. Oram Lyte in the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C., at 3 P. M., Saturday, July 9, 1898. On the call of the roll by the Secretary, the following named directors responded: Nicholas Murray Butler, New York; James M. Greenwood, Missouri; Newton C. Dougherty, Illinois; George T. Fairchild, Kentucky; W. R. Garrett, Tennessee; Aaron Gove, Colorado; Albert G. Lane, Illinois; Albert P. Marble, New York; Marcellus T. Marshall, West Virginia; W. E. Sheldon, Massachusetts; Charles R. Skinner, New York; F. Louis Soldan, Missouri; J. Ormond Wilson, District of Columbia; E. Oram Lyte, Pennsylvania; I. C. McNeill, Wisconsin; Will S. Monroe, Massachusetts; A. S. Downing, New York; James M. Green, New Jersey; George Howell, Pennsylvania; A. H. Berlin, Delaware; John D. Worthington, Maryland; W. B. Powell, District of Columbia; William F. Fox, Virginia; G. A. Grimsley, North Carolina; John T. Gregory, Alabama; J. L. Holloway, Arkansas; D. K. Goss, Indiana; H. R. Pattengill, Michigan; L. D. Harvey, Wisconsin; W. M. Beardshear, Iowa; George B. Aiton, Minnesota; Frank Crane, South Dakota; J. E. Hendricks, Montana; Miss Estelle Reel, Wyoming; F. S. Hafford, Arizona; J. H. Ackerman, Oregon; J. E. Stubbs, Nevada; J. C. Black, Idaho. Present, thirty-eight. The minutes of the last meeting of the board were read and approved. The President announced the first business of the meeting to be the election of a member of the Board of Trustees to succeed Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, of New York. Director Lane, of Illinois, nominated Dr. Butler, of New York, to succeed himself as a member of the Board of Trustees of the association. There being no other nominations, the Secretary, under instruction of the board, cast the unanimous ballot for Dr. Butler, and he was declared duly and legally elected as a member of the Board of Trustees for the term of four years. President Lyte appointed the following committee to consider names suggested by the board to fill existing vacancies in the National Council of Education : Director James M. Green, New Jersey. Director A. R. Taylor, Kansas. Director A. P. Marble, New York. The committee retired and subsequently submitted the following recommendations for election to the National Council, the term of each to expire in 1904: Richard G. Boone, Ypsilanti, Mich., to succeed himself. F. Louis Soldan, St. Louis, Mo., to succeed himself. James H. Canfield, Columbus, O., to succeed himself. Frank Rigler, Portland, Ore., to succeed Joseph H. Baldwin, of Texas. L. D. Harvey, Milwaukee, Wis., to succeed Walter L. Hervey, of New York. On motion of Director N. C. Dougherty, the report was accepted and adopted, and the gentlemen named in the report of the committee were declared duly and legally elected as members of the National Council for the ensuing six years. President Lyte called for nominations to fill one vacancy in the Executive Committee, in accordance with the recently adopted amendment to the constitution. The names of Director William T. Harris and Director C. G. Pearse were placed in nomination for election as member of the Executive Committee. Ballots were cast with the following result: |