they are in bloom, as the bees are then at work and will be destroyed, and the spraying may injure the setting of the blossoms.

Canker, or Measuring Worm. This insect is not a bad one in the South as northward, and it can be destroyed in the same way as the last

Codlin Moth. This insect, the great cause of wormy apples, is one of the worst foes of the apple-grower, and one which has thriven on the general neglect with which our orchards are treated. The moth is greyish brown and has transverse streaks of grey and brown on its forewings, and on the inner hind angle a large brown. spot like a horse shoe. The hind wings are light brown. The moths lay their eggs at the blossom end of the forming apples in the blossoms. The eggs soon hatch and the larvæ eat into the apple, and in about six weeks a second brood of moths appears, followed by one or two more broods during the season. The eggs are laid not only on the fruit but also on the leaves of the tree. The best remedy is the spraying with Paris green, making the first spray as soon as the blossoms fall. Another spraying should be made ten days later. There should be no delay in the first application, as the larvæ cannot be reached when it has once eaten into the apple, and must have the poison for its first meal. If we succeed in killing all the first brood there will be no second, but the regular spraying with Bordeaux mixture used for the fungus diseases will meet all the broods as they come, if the Paris green is added to it. There are some insects that are killed by the Bordeaux mixture itself, but it must be remembered that it is mainly used to destroy fungi, and that for insects the arsenical poisons must be added. Then, too, there is some fungicidal value in the Paris green too. It has been stated that no harm is done to animals grazing in the orchard by the use of these spraying materials. But, as we have said, the orchard should not be made a pasture of, and if the poisons render their pasturing dangerous so much the better for the trees.

Curculio. The little rough-backed beetle, that punctures the plums so badly, does not confine his attention to plums, by any means, for no fruit comes amiss to the "little turk." The apple curculio, however, is a different, though closely allied species to, the plum curculio. Both the apple and peach are badly infested in the South with curculios. The same spraying that is recommended for the Codlin moth will answer just as well for the Curculio.

Oyster Shell Bark Louse, or Scale.-This is the most wide-spread and destructive insect that infest the apple orchards of this State. In my travel through the mountain section of the State, I could hardly find an orchard tree that was not infested, and in the general neglect of orchards in this State the louse has so increased as

milk can.

The milk is drawn through this coil fast or slow, according to need from a faucet in the Pasteurizing can. The cooley can is to be filled with cold water, or water and finely broken ice, or possibly cold brine. The cooley can is large enough to serve onr purpose. On a larger scale vessels of ampler proportions will be needed.

When the required temperature at a high degree is maintained for the given time the requirement for several of the lower temperatures has been fulfilled.

The practice of Pasteurizing is somewhat troublesome, but it is a safeguard which can be easily invoked by anyone to guard against a suspicious food product, be it milk, meat, or some other article; the same degree of heat for the same length of time will free it from germs which might produce disease.

A BULLETIN OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION FOR THE APPLE GROWERS OF THE STATE.

Publications will be sent to any address in North Carolina upon application,

ALEX. Q. HOLLADAY, LL. D., President of the College.

W. A. WITHERS, A. M....

F. E. EMERY, M. S....
W. F. MASSEY, C. E..

.Raleigh.
.Halifax.

.Professor of Chemistry.
Professor of Agriculture.
Professor of Horticulture.

The Director's office is in the main building of the College. Telephone No. 135 C. The street cars pass within one hundred yards of the College building. The Station is glad to receive any inquiries on agricultural subjects. Address all communications to the Agricultural Experiment Station, and not to individuals. They will be referred to the members of the Station staff most competent to answer them.

THE APPLE IN NORTH CAROLINA.

W. F. MASSEY, HORTICULTURIST.

INTRODUCTION.

The soil and climate of a large portion of North Carolina is well suited to the production of apples. This is particularly true of the region of elevated plateaus and valleys west of the Blue Ridge. In this favored region apples thrive and bear good crops of fine fruit under conditions of the most absolute neglect. In traversing the State during the past fall examining the nurseries and orchards for the San Jose' scale, the writer was struck with the fact that orchards that were at all cared for, are exceedingly few, and that most of the apples that grow in the mountain country grow in spite of neglect and not because of any care that is bestowed on them.

Then, too, in all the rolling upland country, east of the Blue Ridge and down as far east as the line of the Uwharrie mountains and the Occoneechee hills, apple culture could be made nearly, or quite, as profitable as in the mountain country; and even in the coastal plain there are apples that do exceedingly well. In examining the orchards and nurseries last fall, we were struck with the fact that the nursery trees of apples in the eastern part of the State were finer than trees of the same age in the Western section, which is usually considered the best for apples.

We then venture the assertion that there is no section of the State, except, perhaps, the extreme southern corner, where apples cannot be grown in some varieties profitable, at least for home use. The complaint is general that apples do not do as well as they once did, and that insect enemies are more numerous and destructive. It is probably true that we are more annoyed by insects than formerly, but the main reason for the failure of the apple trees is starvation and neglect. Our people spend millions of dollars annually for fertilizers to put on the cotton crop and on annual grain crops, but they seem to think that because the trees in the forest take care of themselves that orchard trees can do the same. But natural conditions, such as we find in the forest, are not the conditions needed by the fruit trees. Nature is perfectly satisfied with a little crab-apple, if the tree has the robustness of constitution to survive in the struggle for existence in the forest. Nature cares nothing for the quality of the fruit, if the tree is vigorous and makes seed in plenty.