Opinion.

nature of the punishment, but the final judgment of the court that renders the culprit incompetent."

In Commonwealth v. Lockwood, 109 Mass. 325, at p. 329 (12 Am. Rep. 699), the word "conviction" is said to have the meaning of conviction by judgment of the court, in the provision of the Constitution of Massachusetts which is as follows: "No person shall ever be admitted to hold a seat in the legislature or any office of trust or importance under the government of this Commonwealth, who shall in the due course of law have been convicted of bribery or corruption in obtaining an election or appointment," citing Case of Falmouth, Mass. Election Cases (Ed. 1853) 203.

And the authorities are very numerous, and practically unanimous in their holding to the effect that, under statutes disqualifying persons from testifying as witnesses who have been convicted of crimes mentioned in the statute, the disqualification does not arise upon the mere conviction of the crime by the verdict of the jury, but only where there has been a judgment of conviction, without which, as is uniformly held, there has been no conviction within the meaning of such statutes. 1 Bish. New Cr. Law (8th ed.) sec. 975; 7 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (new ed.), pp. 498-502, and note 1 on p. 502; People v. Whipple, 9 Cow. (N. Y.), 707; Fitch v. Smallbrook, T. Raym. 32; Rex v. Castell, 8 East 77; State v. Damery, 48 Me. 327; Gibbs v. Osborn, 2 Wend. (N. Y.) 555, 20 Am. Dec. 649; Dawley v. State, 4 Ind. 128; Com. v. Gorham, 99 Mass. 420; Marion v. State, 16 Neb. 349, 20 N. W. 289; Bishop v. State, 41 Fla. 522, 26 So. 703; 16 C. J. 1341 (3).

In Bish. New Cr. Law (8th ed.), sec. 975, just cited, this is said: "Judgment necessary.-A mere plea or verdict of guilt works no infamy, for until judgment it has not reached the conclusion of guilt. So that this dis

Opinion.

qualification" (to be a witness), "like common law forfeiture, does not come from the mere crime, or the mere conviction of it, or the punishment, but from the final judgment of the court. Until judgment, the accused or indicted person is competent to testify." Citing numerous cases in England as well as in the United States.

There is the same practically unanimous holding of the authorities where the statute disqualifies from voting persons convicted of crimes mentioned in the statute. Gallagher v. State, 10 Tex. App. 469; Egan v. Jones, 21 Nev. 433, 32 Pac. 929; People v. Fabian, 192 N. Y. 443, 84 N. E. 672, 18 L. R. A. (N. S.) 684, 127 Am. St. Rep. 917, 15 Ann. Cas. 100.

By the great weight of authority there is the same holding as to the necessity of a judgment of conviction to bring the case within the meaning of "convicted" or "conviction" in statutes imposing any punitive consequences as the result of the conviction of the offense mentioned in such statutes. See, for such holding, Schiffer v. Pruden, 64 N. Y. 52, where the statute provided that "a wife convicted of adultery" shall not be entitled to dower; Rex v. Turner, 15 East 570, where the statute allowed costs, etc., against a defendant prosecuting a certiorari, "if he is convicted;" Burgess v. Botefeur, 7 M. & G. 481, 49 E. C. L. 481, 504, where the statute imposed a certain penalty upon the overseers of the poor in case of any person being "convicted" of keeping a disorderly house in the parish; 1 Hale P. C. 680; Smith v. Com. (Pa.), 14 Serj. & R. 69, where the statute increased the punishment of persons convicted of a second offense.

In commenting on a statute against the forging or making of false deeds, etc., which provided that a person committing a second offense "after his conviction

Opinion.

or condemnation of a former one," shall be deemed guilty of felony without benefit of clergy, Lord Hale (in 1 Hale P. C. 680, just cited) says this: "By conviction I conceive is intended, not barely a conviction. by verdict, where no judgment is given, but it must be a conviction by judgment." And such is the modern construction of the word "conviction" in statutes embracing the punishment of second offenses. 16 C. J. 1341 (3).

See Williamson's Case, 2 Va. Cas. (4 Va.) 211; White's Case, 79 Va. 611, and Fugate's Case, 2 Leigh (29 Va.) 724, as throwing some side light on the subject under consideration.

[2] There is, however, another meaning of the word "conviction," or "convicted," which is designated by many of the authorities as its "ordinary legal meaning," which signifies the finding of the jury by verdict that the accused is guilty; the meaning being, not that judgment has been entered or sentence pronounced, but only that a verdict of guilt has been returned. 7 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (2nd ed. p. 497; Blair's Case, 25 Gratt. (66 Va.) 850; State v. Alexander, 76 N. C. 231, 22 Am. Rep. 675; Snodgrass v. State, 67 Tex. Cr. R. 615, 150 S. W. 162, 41 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1144; State v. Garrett, 135 Tenn. 617, 188 S. W. 58, L. R. A. 1917-B, 567. These authorities are relied on for the Commonwealth. Upon examination of them, however, it appears that the holding that the word "conviction," or "convicted," has such ordinary meaning is confined to cases in which the context in which the word is found has reference merely to something which should or may be done at a particular stage in a criminal prosecution triable by jury as, for example, that the entry of judgment is the next step in the procedure following conviction, or, where the Constitution confers the pardoning power

Opinion.

"after conviction" that it may be exercised before judgment or sentence. In the cases involving the question of when the pardoning power may be exercised, the conclusion that the words "after conviction" refer to the stage of the prosecution when a verdict of guilt is rendered (where there is such a verdict), is reached largely on the grounds that, historically and at common law, this power was exercised often before trial and sometimes even before the crime was committed, and that it is well established that the constitutional provisions on the subject were adopted in the several States to prevent such abuse of the pardoning power, but not to prevent its exercise after the ordinary administration of justice has proceeded to the aforesaid stage. This appears from the opinion in such cases. And these very authorities, indeed, all recognize that the holding of the authorities referred to in this opinion, in the paragraphs preceding this, is sound. The distinction between the holding of the former and the latter authorities, as pointed out in many of such authorities themselves, is this: Where the context in which the word is found concerns, not merely the particular case, but the effect of the conviction of the accused in one case, when pleaded or given in evidence in another, the word "conviction," or "convicted," is more comprehensive and includes the judgment of the court upon the verdict or confession of guilt.

As said in 7 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. (2nd ed.), pp. 498502: "When indeed the word 'conviction' is used to describe the effect of the guilt of the accused, as judicially proved in one case, when pleaded or given in evidence in another, it is sometimes used in a more comprehensive sense, including the judgment of the court upon the verdict or confession of guilt; as, for instance, in speaking of the effect of guilt judicially ascertained

Opinion.

as a disqualification of the 'convict.' Thus, where a statute provides that upon conviction of an offense the convict shall be disqualified thereafter as a witness, the term 'conviction' is held to include final judgment, and a verdict alone is not sufficient to disqualify the defendant."

As said in Blair's Case, supra (25 Gratt., (66 Va.) at p. 858): "But the further statement contained in 1 Bish. on Crim. Law, sec. 361, * * that the word conviction sometimes denotes the final judgment of the court, is equally true. As an example of the use of the word in that sense, the Code, chapter 195, section 19, may be referred to, which declares that 'except where it is otherwise expressly provided, a person convicted of felony shall not be a witness, unless he has been pardoned or punished therefor, and a person convicted of perjury shall not be a witness, although pardoned or punished.' The word 'convicted' in this section means 'adjudged guilty.' 'No person is deemed infamous in law,' says Greenleaf, 'until he has been legally found guilty of an infamous crime. But the mere verdict of the jury is not sufficient for this purpose, for it may be set aside, or the judgment may be arrested, on motion for that purpose. It is the judgment, and that only, which is received as the legal and conclusive evidence of the party's guilt for the purpose of rendering him incompetent to testify.' See 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, sec. 375, and the cases cited in note 1. * * * There are no doubt other like examples to be found in the Code, but it is needless to refer to any more."

In State v. Garrett, supra (135 Tenn. at page 622, 188 S. W. at page 59, L. R. A. 1917-B, at p. 569), the opinion of the Massachusetts court in Commonwealth v. Lockwood, supra (109 Mass. 325, 12 Am. Rep. 699), is referred to with approval, and of the opinion delivered