Progressive Pennsylvania

of consideration and next to present this information in a form as condensed as possible and always in logical and chronological order. Necessarily at the outset severe limitations had to be placed upon the subjects to be treated. The book was not intended to be in any sense a history of Pennsylvania-not even an exhaustive history of its leading industries. The purpose and scope of the book are fully stated in the title-page. Such important subjects as the military history of Pennsylvania and the history of its schools of learning, all of which shed lustre on the whole history of the State, have been passed over because they were not really essential to the proof of the proposition that Pennsylvania is a great industrial and every way progressive State.

In selecting the subjects to be considered in this volume our iron and steel industries, the greatest of all the manufacturing industries of the State, have received special attention. In dealing with this subject I have made free use of my previous historical investigations, particularly as they are recorded in Iron in All Ages. I have done this not only because that antiquarian volume is but little known to the present generation, making appropriate the reproduction of such of its leading facts as relate to Pennsylvania, but because some of the historical facts which it records must necessarily be republished in condensed form if later details which bring the record of the iron and steel achievements of the Commonwealth down to the present time are to possess their full significance.

In "Authorities Consulted" I have given credit to the large number of historical and statistical publications that have helped me in the preparation of this volume, quoting freely, with proper credit, from some and but slightly if at all from others. The treasures of the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania and of other Philadelphia libraries have been generously opened for my examination. I am also indebted to many friends for letters containing historical data of great value. A General Index and a Personal Index will assist the reader in his search for any particular information.

As would naturally be supposed by the reader, the utmost pains have been taken to prevent the insertion in the following pages of any errors affecting dates, proper names, or other historical details. If any such errors should be observed, or any serious omissions of historical facts, the blame can not be laid to haste in composition. It is simply impossible in a work which embraces thousands of names and thousands of dates that every one should be correctly given. In the preparation of the copy for the book and in the proof-reading I have had the benefit of valuable suggestions and other help from every member of my clerical staff, an obligation which I cheerfully acknowledge. The tailpiece illustrations are reproduced from pen and ink sketches by Miss Anna M. Wirth, all but one being original studies. My thanks are due to the J. B. Lippincott Company for the excellent manner in which the book has been printed and bound.

PHILADELPHIA, No. 261 South Fourth Street, October 1, 1908.

J. M. S.

AUTHORITIES CONSULTED.

The Life of William Penn. By Samuel M. Janney. 1852.

William Penn. By Augustus C. Buell. 1904.

Life of John Heckewelder. By the Rev. Edward Rondthaler. 1847.
Washington and the West. By Archer Butler Hulbert. 1905.

Washington After the Revolution. By William S. Baker. 1892.

An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Colonel James Smith. 1799.

Journal of William Maclay. 1789-1791. 1890.

1874. 1843. 1846.

Memorial of Thomas Potts, Junior. By Mrs. Thomas Potts James.
Historical Collections of the State of Pennsylvania. Sherman Day.
Early History of Western Pennsylvania and the West. I. D. Rupp.
A Gazetteer of the State of Pennsylvania. By Thomas F. Gordon. 1832.
The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America. By John Fiske. 1901.
The Making of Pennsylvania. By Sydney George Fisher. 1896.
Pennsylvania, Colony and Commonwealth. By Sydney George Fisher. 1897.
The Story of the Palatines. By Sanford H. Cobb. 1897.
Two Centuries of Pennsylvania History. By Isaac Sharpless. 1900.
A Quaker Experiment in Government. By Isaac Sharpless. 1902.
Continental Sketches of Distinguished Pennsylvanians. By D. R. B. Nevin.
Pennsylvania Dutch and Other Essays. By Phebe Earle Gibbons. 1882.
The Germans in Colonial Times. By Lucy Forney Bittinger. 1901.
German Religious Life in Colonial Times. By Lucy Forney Bittinger. 1906.
The Huguenot Emigration to America. By Charles W. Baird, D.D. 1885.
Memorials of the Huguenots in America. By Rev. A. Stapleton. 1901.
The German Sectarians of Pennsylvania. By Julius Friedrich Sachse. 1895.
The Fatherland. By Julius Friedrich Sachse. 1897.

German Emigration to America. By Rev. Henry Eyster Jacobs, D.D.,
LL.D. 1898.

German Exodus to England in 1709. By Frank Ried Diffenderffer. 1897. German Immigration into Pennsylvania. Frank Ried Diffenderffer. 1900. The Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania. 1899.

The German and Swiss Settlements of Colonial Pennsylvania. By Oscar
Kuhns. 1901.

Recollections of Persons and Places in the West. By H. M. Brackenridge.
The Revolutionary Movement in Pennsylvania. By Charles H. Lincoln.
The Old National Road. By Archer Butler Hulbert. 1901.
Historic Highways of America. By Archer Butler Hulbert. 1904.
The Ohio River. By Archer Butler Hulbert. 1906.

History of The People of the United States. By John Bach McMaster.
Pennsylvania. Pioneer and State. By Albert S. Bolles, Ph.D., LL.D. 1899.
Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania. By John F. Watson. 1857.
Old Redstone. By Joseph Smith, D.D. 1854.

Pioneer Outline History of Northwestern Pennsylvania. By W. J. McKnight, M.D. 1905.

History of American Manufactures. By J. Leander Bishop, M.D. 1861. Iron In All Ages. By James M. Swank. 1892.

Pennsylvania, Colonial and Federal. By Howard M. Jenkins. 1903.
Hazard's Gazetteer of Pennsylvania.

History of Pennsylvania. By Robert Proud. 1798.
History of Pennsylvania. By William H. Egle.

Presbyterian Centenary Memorial. Pittsburgh. 1876.

The Moravian Manual. By Rev. E. De Schweinitz. 1859.

A History of Bethlehem, Pa. By Bishop Joseph Mortimer Levering. 1903. History of Braddock's Expedition. Edited by Winthrop Sargent. 1855. The Old Northwest. By B. H. Hinsdale, Ph.D. 1898.

American Animals. By Stone and Cram. 1902.

Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. By Samuel N. Rhoads. 1903. The Olden Time. By Neville B. Craig. 1846.

History of Pittsburgh. By Neville B. Craig. 1851.

The French in the Allegheny Valley. By T. J. Chapman. 1887.

Old Pittsburgh Days. By T. J. Chapman. 1900.

Pennsylvania and the Centennial Exhibition. Official Report. 1878.

Old Westmoreland. By Edgar W. Hassler. 1900.

History of the County of Westmoreland. By George Dallas Albert. 1882. History of Westmoreland County. By John N. Boucher. 1906.

The Scotch-Irish. By Charles A. Hanna.

1902.

The Scotch-Irish in America. Scotch-Irish Society of America.

History of Somerset County. By William Welfley. 1906.

Diary of David Zeisberger. Edited by Eugene F. Bliss. 1885.

Fort Pitt. By Wm. M. Darlington. 1892.

History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. By W. B. Wilson. 1895.
Fiftieth Anniversary of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. 1896.
The Monongahela of Old. By James Veech.

Old and New Monongahela. By John S. Van Voorhis, A.M., M.D. 1893.
The Old Pike. A History of the National Road. By T. B. Searight. 1894.
The Oil Regions of Pennsylvania. By William Wright. 1865.
State Book of Pennsylvania. By Thomas H. Burrowes. 1847.
Historical Sketch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1853.

Canals and Railroads of the United States. By Henry S. Tanner. 1840.
Tunneling. By Henry S. Drinker. 1878.

Transportation Systems in the United States. By J. L. Ringwalt. 1888.
History of American Steam Navigation. By John H. Morrison. 1903.
History of the Lumber Industry of America. By James E. Defebaugh.
History of Fayette County. By Franklin Ellis. 1882.
History of Crawford County. 1888.

History of Bedford, Somerset, and Fulton Counties. 1884.

History of Cambria County. By Henry Wilson Storey. 1907.
History of Bucks County. By William W. H. Davis. 1905.

Cyclopædia of Indiana and Armstrong Counties. 1891.

Essays and Speeches of Jeremiah S. Black. By Chauncey F. Black. 1886. Historical and Biographical Sketches. By Samuel W. Pennypacker. 1883. The Settlement of Germantown. By Samuel W. Pennypacker. 1899.

Year Books of the Pennsylvania Society. By Barr Ferree.

The St. Clair Papers. By William Henry Smith. 1882.

Andrew Carnegie. The Man and His Work. By Barnard Alderson. 1902. Reports of the United States Geological Survey.

Reports of the United States Census.

And many others.

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