The details above presented may be summarized as follows: Dr. Muhlenberg, the founder of the Muhlenberg family, brought order out of disorder in the Lutheran Church of this country, and by his individual exertions established its influence and authority upon firm foundations. His two oldest sons, Peter and Frederick, were Representatives in Congress when Washington was President, Peter having previously served with honor as one of Washington's generals during the whole period of the Revolutionary war and Frederick having previously served in the Continental Congress. Peter was afterwards elected a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. Frederick was the Speaker of the House during the First and Third Congresses. He was twice the unsuccessful candidate of the Federalist party for Governor of Pennsylvania. Dr. Muhlenberg's third son, Gotthilf, was a naturalist of worldwide reputation. Gotthilf's son, Henry Augustus Philip, was a prominent leader of the Democratic party, long a Representative in Congress, Minister to Austria, and twice the Democratic candidate for Governor of Pennsylvania. Henry Augustus, son of Henry Augustus Philip, was a Representative in Congress. Gotthilf's grandson, Frederick Augustus, was distinguished as a college professor and college president. William Augustus, the grandson of the first Speaker of the House of Representatives, was a prominent Episcopal clergyman, especially noted as a writer of hymns that are sung in all our churches. John Andrew Shulze, a grandson of the Patriarch through one of his daughters, was twice elected Governor of Pennsylvania.

The second daughter of Dr. Muhlenberg, Margaretta Henrietta, married Rev. John Christopher Kunze, D. D., a native of Germany, who emigrated to this country in 1770. In 1784 he became the pastor of Christ church, (Lutheran,) in New York, which position he filled until his death in 1807. Dr. Kunze was a very learned man. The third daughter, Mary Catharine, married Francis Swaine, a politician of note in his day and brigadier general of the State militia in 1805. The fourth daughter, Maria Salome, married Matthias Richards, who was a Representative in Congress for two terms, from 1807 to 1811, and held

other public offices. One of her sons, Rev. John William Richards, D. D., born in 1803 and dying in 1854, entered the Lutheran ministry. His son, Rev. Matthias Henry Richards, D. D., born in 1841 and dying in 1898, was eminent as a scholar and as a Lutheran minister and as a writer. He was for many years professor of the English language and literature in Muhlenberg College.

Another son of John William Richards, Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Richards, born in 1848, saw active service in the Union army during the civil war, graduated at the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis in 1869, and served with distinction in the navy until 1875, when he resigned. In 1898 he was the executive officer of the United States ship Supply in the Spanish war. He is a liberal contributor to Pennsylvania German literature.

Such is the brief record of the distinguished founder of the Muhlenberg family in this country and of his most noted descendants, many of whom have also achieved distinction and accomplished results worthy of lasting remembrance by all Pennsylvanians. Nearly all were ministers of the Gospel, and nearly all were public-spirited citizens whose talents fitted them for public life. Nearly all were gifted with literary tastes and nearly all were accomplished scholars. Two of the sons of the founder were prominently identified with the Revolutionary cause and were conspicuous in the organization of the Government which was created by the Constitution of 1787. As we stated at the beginning, no State in the Union can boast of a family which has contributed to our country a larger number of eminent men than this family of Pennsylvania Germans.

CHAPTER XXIX.

GENERAL ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.

THE most distinguished of all the military heroes of Western Pennsylvania and one of the most distinguished of the whole country in the times that tried men's souls was Major General Arthur St. Clair, of Westmoreland county.

Arthur St. Clair was born at Thurso, Scotland, on March 23, 1736, according to a communication from the historian, George Dallas Albert, which was published in the Greensburg Democrat in March, 1898, after the publication of his History of Westmoreland County. General St. Clair died on August 31, 1818. The year of his birth has always been given in the cyclopædias and elsewhere as 1734, with the month and the day of the month omitted. Sir Thomas St. Clair, a noted genealogical authority in England, insists that St. Clair was born in 1734.

Young St. Clair was educated at the University of Edinburgh and afterwards was a student of medicine. Tiring of his medical studies he abandoned them in a little more than a year and in 1757 he entered the British army as an ensign. In 1758 he crossed the Atlantic in Admiral Boscawen's fleet and in the same year served under General Amherst at the siege and capture of Louisburg. In 1759 he served under General Wolfe at the capture of Quebec. In this year he was commissioned a lieutenant. In 1760 he married Phoebe Bayard, of Boston, a daughter of Balthazar Bayard and Mary Bowdoin, both of Huguenot descent. On both her father's and mother's side she was of distinguished lineage. In 1762 Lieutenant St. Clair resigned his commission in the army and in 1764 he is said to have come to Pennsylvania.

In Smith's Life and Public Services of Arthur St. Clair we find the first definite reference to St. Clair's presence in Pennsylvania. He is there said to have established his residence in Pennsylvania, first at Bedford in 1764 and afterwards in Ligonier valley. After 1764 there is a hia

tus of several years in Smith's account. The narrative proceeds: "On the 5th of April, 1770, he was appointed surveyor for the district of Cumberland, which then embraced the western part of the State." (The county of Cumberland is meant.) Smith continues: "A month later the offices of justice of the court of quarter sessions and common pleas, and member of the proprietaries', or Governor's, Council for Cumberland county was conferred upon him. When Bedford county was erected in 1771 the Governor made St. Clair a justice of the peace, a recorder of deeds, clerk of the orphan's court, and prothonotary of the court of common pleas for that county. The same year St. Clair, in connection with Moses Maclean, ran a meridian line, nine and a half miles west of the meridian of Pittsburgh. In 1773 Westmoreland was erected from Bedford, when Governor Penn sent St. Clair appointments corresponding with those held by him for Bedford."

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Smith does not explain the inducements which led St. Clair to locate at Bedford in 1764, but John N. Boucher, in his recently published History of Westmoreland County, throws some light on this subject and also upon the movements of St. Clair in immediately succeeding years. Shortly after his marriage he removed to Bedford, Pennsylvania, having become acquainted with the Penns, who were then proprietaries of the province. As agent for them he looked after their possessions in the western part of the province and took up lands for himself. In 1767 he was appointed commander of Fort Ligonier, which position he filled for over two years. After the opening of the land office in 1769 he was closely identified with the formation of new counties and in the sale and settlement of western lands. His brother-in-law, Captain Bayard, also came here, and together they took up large tracts of land in the southwestern part of the county. In these old boundaries he is sometimes designated as Lieutenant and sometimes as Captain St. Clair."

Albert says that in May, 1770, Arthur St. Clair and others whose names are mentioned "were among the justices of the peace appointed for that portion of Cumberland county west of Laurel Hill," which indicates that

St. Clair was a resident of Ligonier valley at that time. The Proceedings of the Governor and Executive Council of the province say that on November 23, 1771, a special commission was appointed to hold a court of oyer and terminer at Bedford to try Lieutenant Robert Hamilton, of His Majesty's 18th Regiment of Foot, who was charged with the murder in Bedford county of Lieutenant Tracy, of the same regiment. This commission was composed of the "three eldest justices of the peace" in Bedford county, John Frazer, Bernard Docherty, and Arthur St. Clair. Ligonier valley was then in Bedford county.

Just when St. Clair removed his residence from Bedford to Ligonier valley does not appear. His home was probably at Ligonier. Albert gives a list of the lands acquired by him in Westmoreland county between 1767 and 1793, which list was obtained from the records of the land office. It embraces in all 8,270 acres. In addition Albert shows that St. Clair had obtained title to 2,611 acres in other western counties in Pennsylvania, 2,000 of which were in Crawford, Erie, and Lawrence counties. The latter were presented to St. Clair by the State of Pennsylvania after the Revolution. Other lands were located in Somerset county. Albert also says that a land warrant issued to St. Clair on November 23, 1773, for 592 acres in Ligonier township, Westmoreland county, mentions that he was "commandant at the post of Fort Ligonier in April, 1769." He also quotes (page 38) from a permit in St. Clair's handwriting given to Frederick Rhorer "by Arthur St. Clair, late Lieut. in his Majesty's Sixtieth Reg. of foot, having the care of his Majesty's fort at Ligonier," granting to Rhorer the use of "a certain Piece of Land in the neighborhood of Fort Ligonier," the permit being 'given under my hand at Ligonier this 11th day of April, 1767," the signature of "Ar. St. Clair" following.

As has been stated, Westmoreland county was established in 1773. On April 6 of that year its first court was held at Hannastown. Albert gives a copy of St. Clair's commission as prothonotary of the county, issued on February 27, 1773, by Richard Penn, Lieutenant Governor of the province. He served as prothonotary of this first