Learning Through Two Languages: Studies of Immersion and Bilingual Education

academic achievement assess attitudes bilingual programs Canada chapter characteristics classroom cognitive communication cultural Culver City Cummins curriculum double immersion early IM students early total immersion EC students effects English Canadian English language arts English language development English program English-speaking ethnic ethnolinguistic evaluation examined exposure factors follow-up French Canadians French immersion programs French language French-speaking Genesee Genesee's grade level guage home language immersion school immersion students important indicate interaction kindergarten Lambert language immersion language instruction language skills language tests Lapkin late IM students late immersion programs learners levels of proficiency linguistic listening comprehension majority minority group minority language students Montreal motivation native language negotiation of meaning oral parents pedagogical percent performance psycholinguistic Quebec Raven's Progressive Matrices second language achievement second language acquisition second language learning second language proficiency social sociocultural socioeconomic speaking stanine status students scored studies Swain target language teachers teaching tion total immersion program