after the commencement of this act other place. The work shall be at the rate of 22 per cent., and after deemed to be published simultaneousthe expiration of two years, 5 per ly if published within fourteen days. cent. on the ordinary retail price. The copyright is void if publication After the expiration of seven years, is "colorable only and is not intended if it appears to the Board of Trade to satisfy the reasonable requirethat such rate is no longer equitable, ments of the public." the Board of Trade, after holding a public inquiry, may decrease or increase this rate. The publication of reports of lectures in newspapers is permitted, unless the report is prohibited by conspicuous written or printed notice affixed before and maintained during the lectures at or about the main entrance of the building in which the lecture is given; any fair dealing with any work for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, review and newspaper summary is not deemed an infringement, and two short passages from an author's works may be published in books for the use of schools, provided that not more than two such passages are published by the same publisher within five years, and the source from which such passages are taken is acknowledged. The legislature of any "self-governing dominion" of the Empire may repeal any and all enactments relating to copyright passed by parliament (including this act) and enact its own copyright legislation. The term "self-governing dominion" means the Dominion of Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, the South African Union, and Newfoundland. The importation of copies made out of the United Kingdom is prohibited, if notice in writing is given to the Commissioners of Customs and Excise by the owners of the copyright. This act does not require registration, but requires first publication within the parts of the British Dominion to which this act extends, notwithstanding that there has been publication simultaneously in some Delivery of the best edition of a book to the British Museum is required, and a copy of the book on the paper on which the largest number of copies is printed for sale, must be delivered to the Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh and Dublin College libraries. Copies must also be delivered to the National Library of Wales, except in the case of books of such classes "as may be specified in regulations to be made by the Board of Trade." Canada. A copyright act was introduced into the House of Commons of Canada on April 26, 1911. This act requires that books are to be printed in Canada, and also requires registration and the deposit of three copies. Notice of copyright must appear in all publications, except paintings, drawings and works of sculpture, for which the signature of the author will be sufficient. Under this act it is possible to exclude all editions not manufactured in Canada. Simultaneous publication within 14 days is required. The book may be reprinted, if the market is not supplied, and much authority is given to the Minister of Agriculture, who has charge of copyright matters. This act was not passed at the last session of the Canadian Parliament, but it is possible that a similar bill may be introduced by the new government. Australia.-A somewhat similar bill was introduced into the Australian Senate on Oct. 4, 1911, which requires that books must be printed from type set in Australia, or plates made therefrom. There must also be simultaneous publications within 14 days. This bill has passed the third reading, and may soon become a law. XXXVI. EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS EDUCATION ANNA TOLMAN SMITH The year 1911 was marked by in- of the people ends. Of the total tense activity in respect to education number of elementary pupils 92% and by a noticeable increase in the per cent. were in public schools; furnumber of pupils and students. The thermore, the chief responsibility for total enrollment in the schools and secondary education rests also upon higher institutions comprised 191⁄2 public authorities, for of every 100 million children and youths, or a pupils who continue their studies belittle more than one-fifth the entire yond the elementary stage, 83 are in population. Of this total, 93 per public high schools. So far, then, as cent. were in elementary grades; 5.3 numbers are concerned, private per cent. in secondary schools and less schools might be regarded as a negthan 2 per cent. in higher institu- ligible factor in the national educations. These proportions, maintained tion; but when the strictly profeswith slight variations from year to sional problems of education are conyear, emphasize the importance of sidered, private schools are found to the elementary school with which the make important contributions to formal education of the vast majority their solution. ELEMENTARY EDUCATION STATISTICS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS Omitting the private schools and the higher institutions, public and private, it appears that public schools with their nearly 18,000,000 pupils required the service of 520,000 teachers and were maintained at an expense of $450,000,000. This amount is equivalent to $25 for every enrolled pupil, or, estimated on the average attendance, which is about 74 per cent. of the enrollment, $33 per pupil. In addition to this large annual expenditure, very nearly one billion dollars are invested in the school buildings. The distribution of this work by geographic divisions helps to a clearer conception of its bearings. The legal age for school attendance varies from a ten-year period, generally 5 to 15 years of age, to a 16-year period, 5 to 21 or 4 to 20 years of age. For purposes of comparison, however, an estimate is made of the number of children and youths in each state 5 to 18 years North Atlantic division, 23.6 per cent. of the total; South Atlantic, 15 per cent.; South Central, 22.7 per cent.; North Central, 32.3 per cent.; Western division, 6.4 per cent. The proportion of total population enrolled in the public schools exceeds in the southern divisions their relative proportion of the school population, the former ratio being 21.2 per cent. in the South Atlantic division and 22.4 per cent. in the South Central division, as against a general average of 19.4 per cent. for the entire country. In other words, the wage-earning adults of the Southern states have relatively the largest number of children looking to them for school provision. The relative status of the different sections with respect to certain conditions of efficiency in the schools is indicated by the latest analyzed statistics: The corresponding statistics for the year 1910-11 indicate marked increase for the country as a whole under all the heads above presented. When the complete returns are received and sifted, it will undoubtedly appear that the two Southern divisions have made decided advance in the length of the school term, in the average attendance of pupils, and in the amount of school income, especially that portion of the income derived from local taxes. This item in particular marks the aroused interest of the people, generally, in the diffusion of knowledge. In this connection it should be noted that the public-school idea has been of late development in the South, and that public contributions to private schools and the extension of brief terms of public schools by private subscriptions still prevail in many localities, at the same time these amounts are not included in the financial statements. Anomalous conditions such as these and the lack of uniformity in the financial accounts of the different states vitiate comparisons to some extent, but not materially when entire sections are considered. UNIFYING AGENCIES The Bureau of Education.-Never before in the history of the nation were such strenuous efforts put forth as at present to raise the general level of public intelligence and to equalize the school provision throughout the country. In this effort the federal government, which has no direct control of schools, excepting those for Indians and for the natives of Alaska, bears an important part. The chief agent of the government in this activity is the national Bureau of Education, which greatly increased its equipment for this particular function during the brief but vigorous administration of Commissioner Brown. The policy of appointing specialists to deal exhaus tively with particular phases of edueation, initiated by Commissioner W. T. Harris, was extended by his sueCeBBor. The new position of this order authorized by Congress during the year under review. is that of specialist in higher education. The post was filled by the appointment of Dr. Kendric C. Babcock, President of the University of Arizona, and long identified with university affairs in this country. Dr. Babcock has developed important plans looking toward the common interests of the higher institutions, and particularly toward an impartial valuation of their diplomas. In this effort he is supported by the cordial coöperation of the principal universities and technical schools. Commissioner Brown also secured appropriations for two special investigations, one pertaining to school hygiene, the other to rural education. Before the plans for this dual work were developed, however, he resigned from the Bureau to accept the Chancellorship of New York University, and Dr. P. P. Claxton, of Knoxville, Tenn., was appointed by President Taft to the vacant commissionership. Dr. Claxton, who is widely known as an inspiring leader in the renaissance of education in the South, has proved his hearty support of the recent expansive policy of the Bureau by the selection of Dr. Fletcher B. Dresslar, late of the University of Alabama, for the conduct of the special investigation into school hygiene. The bulletin on "American Schoolhouses," prepared by Dr. Dresslar, forming No. 5 of the Bureau series for 1910, has had unprecedented circulation in this country and also in Canada and Mexico. Congressional Appropriations.—The appropriation for the current expenses of the Bureau of Education for the present year was $77,800. For the education of natives in Alaska, including the reindeer service, $212,000. This fund is also administered by the Bureau. The unifying influence of the government is also shown by the system of appropriations for agricultural education. The continuing appropriation for the colleges of agriculture and the mechanie arts amounted to $2,250.000 for the current year. (See XXII, Agriculture.) National Education Association.The National Education Associa tion at its 49th annual meeting, heid at San Francisco, July 8 to 14 of last year, registered 11,480 members and reported a permanent invested fund of $180,000, of which $9,900 was added during the current fiscal year; the net revenue from this fund for the year amounted to $6,797.71. The total receipts for current expenses were $48,909.08 and total expenditures for the year, $34,978.95. The meeting was memorable from the fact that the presidency for the first time in the nearly half century of the existence of the Association was held by a woman, Mrs. Ella Flagg Young, Superintendent of Schools, Chicago, who was elected to the office at the preceding meeting of the Association. ficers and a committee of the Department of Superintendence. American Association for the Advancement of Science.-The Education Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science is devoted to investigation of educational problems by scientific methods, and therefore its effects are not immediately felt in the movement of popular opinion or activity in this interest. On account, however, of the distinction of its members, their conclusions in respect to questions of educational theory and practice in time exercise determining influence in these matters. One of the most im portant papers of the year was that presented before this section by Prof. C. H. Judd, of the University of Chicago, on "The Relation between the High Schools and the Colleges." The vice-president of the section for the coming year is Prof. Edward L. Thorndike of Columbia University. The proceedings of the sessions of the seventeen departments of the Association were of unusual interest and many resolutions were adopted, embodying constructive thought on several urgent problems. Among these should be noted in particular the education of sub-normal children by special agencies, and the relation of high schools to colleges. The report of the committee on a system of moral education in public schools, submitted to the council, excited prolonged discussion and, in spite of varied and even conflicting opinions, showed a general conviction that American education must be strength-pated in the special conference on ened in this particular. The Association naturally draws to itself kindred bodies, and six other organizations of national character met in San Francisco at the same time. Among these were included the Federation of State Teachers' Associations, the Education Press Association and the American School Peace League. Religious Education Association.The need for greater emphasis upon moral training, was the subject of earnest consideration at the 8th general convention of the Religious Education Association, which met at Providence, R. I., Feb. 14-16. Many members of this Association partici the same subject which followed immediately after in New York City. The National Institution for Moral Instruction was incorporated March 29, with a board of directors which includes among others, Dr. Edward F. Buchner of Johns Hopkins University; Dr. Nathaniel Butler of the University of Chicago; Dr. Philander Priestly Claxton, Commissioner of Education. STATE COMMISSIONS The Department of Superintendence of the N. E. A. held its special meeting, which takes place apart from the general meeting of the Association, at Mobile, Feb. 23-25. Emphasis was placed at this meet- During the present year the Coming upon the need of closer coöpera- mission on Industrial and Agricultion between states in respect to the tural Education, appointed by the grading of pupils and the uniform legislature of the state of Wisconsin certification of teachers, and also in 1909, submitted a report, includupon the great importance of a uni- ing recommendations looking toward fied system of accounts such as the extension of the public provision of Bureau of Education is endeavoring schools, especially in the interests of to bring about through coöpera- youths who have passed the normal tion with the census, the National period of school life, i. e., 14 to 16 Association of School Accounting Of-years of age. (See infra, Industrial |