of the law have followed. As a rule, Other Countries.-In France, Prof. the action is individual; the Jews Lippman has been elected vice-presias a class are not inclined to disturb dent of the French Academy of Scienexisting conditions, and in some cases tists, and Gen. Valabrègue appointed doubtless suffer an economic loss by Commander of the Third Army the observance of their Sabbath day. Corps. In Italy Mayor Ernesto NaGreat Britain.-The anti-Jewish than's address at Rome on the forriots in Wales contemporary with tieth anniversary of the Kingdom the miners' strike were an unpleas- gave rise to protests from the Pope ant evidence of the persistence of and Catholic organizations throughantipathy, however promptly sup- out the world. Roumania continues pressed. The new British Parlia- the policy of restriction, forcing the ment contained a large number of Jews out of the country. In AusJewish members. Sir Rufus Isaacs tria, the death of Mayor Lueger of was appointed Attorney General. Vienna preceded the decline of the Russia.-In Russia, the assassina-anti-Semitic movement which he tion of M. Stolypin by a baptized championed for some years. The new Jew gave rise to no fresh pogroms regime in Turkey is distinctly favorat Kiev, where 30,000 Cossacks were able to the Jews, although unfriendly ordered to maintain order. Few to any new Jewish state in Palesriots, if any, have occurred during tine. Many are now government ofthe year, despite constant expulsions ficials. The Jews promptly instiand exactions, against which some tuted criminal proceedings against chambers of commerce are protest-the Damascus newspaper which ing. The policy of restricting both raised the cry of "blood accusation." the commercial and educational de- More attention is being paid to techvelopment of the Jew is actively nical education in Palestine, which continued. is hopeful, although the great povGermany. In Germany the anti-erty that prevails is a depressing feaSemitic movement is less active. In ture. In Australia, the Government the upper house of the Parliament of announced (June 30) if Jews, SevAlsace-Lorraine, a representative of enth Day Adventists, or adherents of the Jewish community is provided other religions, object to military for. Prominent industrial leaders, training on Saturdays, special arlike Albert Ballin, James Simon and rangements will be made to enable Emil Rathenan, have been honored them to train on other afternoons or by the Kaiser. The attempt to abol-nights of the week. ish the Jewish method of slaughtering animals was foiled by a declaration by the president of the German Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals as to its in

nocuousness.

Holland. About the time when the murder of the Russian Premier Stolypin was expected to arouse fresh persecution of the Jews, which happily did not occur, owing to the government's prompt action, the Dutch Minister of Commerce was opening, on Sept. 18, the new Diamond Exchange in Amsterdam. With but few exceptions, the entire body of diamond merchants, 1,300 in all, are Jews. The Exchange is to be closed on Saturdays and Jewish festivals. This incident illustrates the position of the Jews in Holland and their share in developing trade and

commerce.

Rabbis in Conference.-At the 22d Annual Convention of the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the oldest and largest representative gathering of its kind in America, held at St. Paul, Minn., June 30July 6, apart from special papers on the centenaries of several Jewish scholars, the following papers were presented: "The Basis of Membership in the American Synagogue," "The Problem of Ethical Instruction in the Public School," "The Harvest Service," "Religious School Work for High School Pupils," and "Jewish Apologetics." The conference's prayerbook is now in use in 283 congregations, and and sold in seventeen years teer-rathaber of 115,876 copies. Durity and year special efforts were made eliminate from the boards of American theatres the so-called stage Jew.

XXXIV. ART, ARCHEOLOGY, MUSIC, AND DRAMA

PAINTING, SCULPTURE, AND HANDICRAFTS

FLORENCE N. LEVY

The following gives a brief summary of the year's activities among the organizations devoted chiefly to the graphic and plastic arts.

The Art Institute of Chicago made important additions to its building, including the construction and opening of the central staircase and the American Federation of Arts.-The addition of a new office building. American Federation of Arts held its Among the most important_accessecond annual convention in Wash- sions were the gifts from Edward ington, D. C., May 16-18, and B. Butler of eighteen paintings by reported 120 chapters (affiliated so- George Inness, and from the Friends cieties), as against 80 in 1910. Dur- of American Art of eighteen oil ing the season of 1910-11, it circu- paintings by various contemporary lated nine exhibitions, which were American artists. shown in 34 cities.

Painting. The principal exhibiMuseums.-The American Associa- tions of the year were those held tion of Museums met in Boston May at the National Academy of Design, 23-25. The opening session was Dec. 10, 1910, to Jan. 8, 1911, and held at the Museum of Fine Arts. Mar. 11 to Apr. 16, 1911; and CarThe papers read discussed chiefly the negie Institute, Pittsburg, the only details of museum management. international exhibition, Apr. 27 to The Association, however, numbers June 30, 1911. The Pennsylvania few art museums, the majority of Academy of the Fine Arts, the Cormembers being scientific museums. coran Gallery at Washington, the The only art museum building Art Institute of Chicago, the Buffalo dedicated during the year was the Academy of Fine Arts, the City MuSweat Memorial Museum at Port-seum of St. Louis, the Cincinnati land, Me. New art museum build- Museum and others had the usual ings now in course of construction series of exhibitions. include those at Toledo, New Orleans, and Los Angeles. In Detroit, two blocks of land in the heart of the city were purchased for the erection of a new art museum. In Minneapolis, a fund of over $500,000 for the erection of an art museum was secured through a whirlwind campaign.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York is constructing the north wing on the Fifth Avenue side. The total accessions during the year numbered 10,521, of which 59 culptures.

were paintings

The Boston

of Fine Arts received as a s. orph Mrs. Robert gl e Dawson Evans building which is to contain the series of picture lleries.

Sculpture. The National Sculpture Society sent out a traveling exhibition of small bronzes, and prepared a group of large photographs of important sculpture in the United States, which were circulated as one of the exhibitions of the American Federation of Arts. One of the principal pieces of sculpture of the year was the Pioneer Monument by Frederick MacMonnies, unveiled at Denver, Colo., June 24.

Illustrations.-The Society of American Illustrators prepared an exhibition of original drawings which were circulated under the auspices of the American Federation of Arts.

Municipal Art.-The first City Planning Exhibition ever given in this country under municipal aus

Local

pices was held in the City Hall of Training Association, the Western Philadelphia during May, in connec- Drawing Teachers' Association, and tion with the Third National Con- similar state and local societies are ference on City Planning. The helping to raise the standards of American Civic Association held its taste throughout the country. annual convention in Washington, School Art Societies, whose memberD. C., in Dec., 1910. About 500 vil- ship consists chiefly of laymen, are lages, towns and cities are repre- coöperating with the teachers. The sented in the organization. The School Art League of New York has Municipal Art societies of New established several industrial art York, Chicago and Baltimore have aided in placing mural decorations, and taken active steps toward increasing the interest in the "city beautiful."

Handicrafts. The National League of Handicraft Societies held its third annual convention in Boston, May 19

and 20. Thirty-eight societies are affiliated. The Boston Society of Arts and Crafts held an important exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts, May 17 to June 11. The Na tional Society of Craftsmen in New York held its annual exhibition in December.

scholarships for graduates of the high schools, and the first awards were made in the Spring of 1911. Sales.-Twenty-seven auction sales of paintings were held in New York during the season of 1910-11 when 3,399 pictures were disposed of for a total of $1,062,943.35.

Necrology.-Obituaries of the year number over thirty painters, sculptors and illustrators, among the most important being Edwin A. Abbey, Frederic P. Vinton, Henry Hammond Gallison, Harry Fenn, Seymour J. Guy, William Keith and Lars G. Sellstedt.

Education.-The general trend Bibliography.-Among the imporamong professional art schools is tant books on American art pubtoward industrial art. In Detroit a lished in the United States during movement started by the Detroit the year were John La Farge by Society of Arts and Crafts led to Royal Contissoz, and Winslow Hathe establishment of a School of Ap- mer by William Howe Downes. The plied Design which was opened in American Art Annual, Volume IX, the Autumn. The European scholar- 1911, contains the reports and ofships in painting, sculpture and ficers of the museums and art soarchitecture established by the cieties, information regarding proAmerican Academy in Rome tend to fessional art schools, and illustraraise the standard of instruction in tions of numerous paintings that academic work in order that students have received awards during the may meet the requirements. In col- year. The special features are a list leges and institutions of higher of all the important mural decoralearning, an effort is being made to tions in the United States, a list. develop courses in the history of art with birth and death dates, of all on the same basis as literature, not members of the National Academy of only to broaden and deepen under- Design from its foundation in 1826 standing, but as a necessary part of to date, and an article on "Paintings, the history of human achievements. Prints, and Art Objects as InvestThe Eastern Art and Manual ments."

ETCHING

F. WEITENKAMPF

Until the end of the Civil War, war of 1812, and D. C. Johnston etching was employed in this coun- somewhat later-rather weak reflectry mainly by professional engravers, tions of Gillray and Cruikshank, reas an auxiliary to engraving, a basis spectively-utilized the medium as a for work to be carried on with the vehicle for caricature. There were burin. William Charles, during the some early attempts at etching by

painters, e. g., William Dunlap, Benjamin West and Robert W. Weir, but they were generally of no great moment and did not represent continued effort. Later, J. G. Chapman and George L. Brown etched some Italian scenes, those by the former especially being noteworthy at most for neat precision, weakened by too free a use of the ruling machine.

man van Elten, Henry Farrer and Mrs. E. L. Pierce Getchell. Charles A. Platt was particularly successful in the rendering of water, and Joseph Pennell was beginning the delineations of city views in which he was to achieve so quick a grasp of essentials. Figure subjects were the specialty of F. S. Church, Frederick Dielman, I. M. Gaugengigl, Mrs. A. L. Merritt and Mary Cassatt; the last-named has shown a remarkable combination of artistic tact and psychological insight in a number of "mother and child" drypoints. J. Foxcroft Cole, Peter Moran and J. A. S. Monks signed sheep and cattle pieces.

The first impulse to the practice of painter-etching came through the visit to this country of Cadart, the Paris publisher, in 1866. While his exhibition and his attempt to form a society of etchers did not have startling results, they did at least lead such artists as C. H. Miller, Edwin Forbes, J. M. Falconer and Victor Apart from the concentration of Nehlig to try their hands at etch- effort around the nucleus of organiing, which A. W. Warren had al- zation there occurred also, in the ready practiced with understand- eighties of the nineteenth century, ing. Hermann Carmiencke, Emanuel the activity of Frank Duveneck, Otto Leutze and others were also identi- H. Bacher and others in Venice, unfied with this period. der the influence of Whistler, who

In 1877 the New York Etching had etched his first plates in France Club was formed, and became a in the late fifties and had found his noteworthy center of effort; other way to ever increasing economy of etching societies were founded in line. At about the same period came Philadelphia (1880), Boston (1880, the independent development of RobE. H. Garrett, President), Cincinnati ert F. Blum, and the interesting ex(1880), and Brooklyn (1882). The periments of J. Alden Weir and John movement spread so rapidly that as H. Twachtman, S. L. Wenban and early as 1881 an important exhibi- Charles Corwin are also to be retion was held in the Boston Museum corded. Thus, the variety of effect of Fine Arts, and another in Phila- possible to the medium was evidelphia in 1882-3. The work of denced by widely differing artistic woman etchers was shown at the individualities. Boston Museum in 1887 and in New York (Union League Club) the following year. A particularly noteworthy characteristic of this movement was the quick grasp of the nature and possibilities of the process on the part of a number of painters. And a further interesting feature was the frequent appearance of pure landscape, as we find it in the etchings of the Englishman Haden. Such exposition of the beauty and charm of landscape in its impression of mood through the artist was made by J. D. Smithie (a noteworthy figure in the history of etching), R. Swain Gifford, Samuel Colman, Thomas Moran, Mrs. M. Nimmo Moran, W. L. Lathrop, Dr. L. M. Yale, T. R. Manley, Stephen Parrish, C. A. Vanderhoof, W. C. Bauer, J. C. Nicoll, J. H. Hill, Benj. Lander, H. D. Kruse

But painter-etching began to languish. And reproductive etching, to which the busy activity of publishers had won more than one painter (Hamilton Hamilton, Walter Shirlaw, Winslow Homer, Thomas Hovenden), as well as such able professional etchers as Smillie, S. A. Schoff, J. S. King, S. J. Ferris, also decayed not very long after. It was a brilliant period of financial success, with much promise, much work of high merit, and much healthy evidence of an appreciation of the true nature of etching. Over-commercialization brought on a period of desuetude.

In recent years we have witnessed a revival of painter-etching, unobtrusively evidenced. The art has been taught at the National Academy by the late J. D. Smillie and by C.

F. W. Mielatz, and at the Art Stu- | Roth, Everett L. Warner, Albert dents' League by Charles H. White Worcester, have found in France and and George Senseney. Etchings Italy subjects to suit their taste and again form a welcome pendant to the moods, in which the the spirit of exhibitions of the American Water Whistler and Meryon has had its inColor Society, effort in the middle fluence. Mielatz's interest in techWest is centering around the newly nical processes is shared also to a formed Chicago Society of Etchers, certain extent by Manley, Ozias and active interest in the art ex- Dodge (who uses a combination of tends thence to California. Mielatz sun-printing and etching) and Addi(the dean of the movement, and son T. Millar, whose unpretentious whose best work is of to-day), bits of roadside and meadow often White, B. J. Olssen-Nordfeldt, Henry show the application of soft-ground, Winslow are emphasizing the attrac-aquatint or other aids. Such aids tion and beauty to be found in our are used also by George Senseney cities, where John Sloan finds ma- and Vaughan Trowbridge in their terial for humorous comments on color-prints. certain aspects of humanity. Alex- The significance of this renascence ander Schilling interprets landscape of painter-etching lies in the general with summary indication, and Cad- recognition of the necessity of unwallader Washburn's American derstanding the possibilities and limscenes also are principally descrip- its of the process and finding within tive of the beauties of field and these limits scope for the expression woods, while his Mexican views have of an artistic individuality. This, architectural interest. J. André and the opportunities offered the Smith records beauty of field and painter for a changing point of view farm as he finds it. The character- by the practice of a fascinating art, istic portraits of O. J. Schneider il- constitute an element of importance lustrate a not much cultivated field. which gives the renascence of painterGeorge C. Aid, Herman H. Webster, etching decided and increasing weight D. Shaw MacLaughlan, Lester G. in the development of art life in Hornby, G. W. Chandler, Ernest D. America.

PHOTOGRAPHY

CHARLES F. BERG

It is generally contended in artis- | Daguerre requiring half to one-hour tic circles that things scientific can- exposure, and the colotype two or not be artistic, but in photography three minutes. at least this contention does not appear to be well founded, for paradoxical as it may seem, the great advance which has gone on in the science of photography has been paralleled by an equal advance in the artistic results. This is especially true of the last decade.

Within the last year or so the principal developments have been along the line of rapidity in the four essentials to every photographic out fit, the lens, the shutter, the plate on which the photographic negative is registered, and the sensitive emulsion, whether coated on paper, glass or metal, so that now records are made with the greatest accuracy in a very small fraction of a second.

Scheele, in the latter part of the 18th century, discovered the darkening action of sunlight on silver chloride; Daguerre, in the early part In all its varied phases nature may of the 19th century, made positive be accurately registered, and with prints on polished silver plates; Fox every degree of certainty. Aside from Talbot, with his colotype process, accuracy and speed, bulk and simgave the means of making negatives, plicity in both instrument and mafrom which positive reproductions nipulation, is attracting the atten could be made by contact with a tion of the manufacturers of photosensitized plate or paper. These graphic materials. processes were all very slow, that of Cameras. Numerous impor