plainly not an easy one. The revo- as to maintain the balance of power

THE NEAR EAST AND THE FAR EAST

ests in Persia, they would need pro- | foreign missionary stations are maintection, and as the treasurer-general tained throughout the empire, and the is an American acting for Persia, the concessions for railway and other deUnited States Government was in- velopments may be endangered. May volved. The United States explained 8 a responsible cabinet was anthat it would require the persons of nounced, but in August a revolt of American citizens be held inviolate, equal gravity broke out in the Proveven if Russia determined to coerce ince of Sze-Chuen, and the government Persia by force. Dec. 2 Great Britain at Peking began to regard it as threatofficially urged Russia to modify the ening. The Manchus felt that the Ceultimatum, both in the desire for lestial throne was threatened. Sept. 24 peace, and for retaining American Chinese government and rebel troops approval of that course. Persia was clashed, with slight advantage to the in a patriotic ferment. The cabinet former; Oct. 14 the commander of was inclined to yield to Russia's de- the revolutionary forces at Hankow mand for the dismissal of Mr. Shus- told the foreigners that they would ter but was unable to prevail over be safe if they remained neutral; the Mejliss, which supported him en- Oct. 16 a loan asked by the Governthusiastically. Russian troops were ment was refused by foreign bankers; concentrated at Kasbin, 96 miles from Oct. 17 German sailors were landed Teheran, and on Dec. 21, an imme- at Hankow and attacked by a mob, diate advance on the capital was and thus to the end of the month the threatened unless the terms of the fury of the revolt increased. The ultimatum were complied with. Fur- generalissimo of the rebels had dether resistance was useless, and the manded that the foreign consuls staMejliss accepted the proposal of the tioned at Hankow recognize his aucabinet to appoint a commission of thority in that vicinity, so in this five with plenary powers to deal with way also the international aspect was the Russian ultimatum. A reply con- intensified. American marines at ceding all demands was transmitted Manila were ordered (Oct. 16) to to Russia on the 22nd. The formal Peking, and by Oct. 26 more cities dismissal of Mr. Shuster took place were in the hands of the rebels. The Dec. 25. Manchu rulers, against whom much of the rebellion was directed, seemed ready to flee to Shanghai, and the mass of the people were willing to see the overthrow of the dynasty. Concessions were offered by the throne, and peace negotiations between the imperialists and the revolutionists were set on foot. Oct 30 the demands of the National Assembly for a constitutional government were seemingly granted, and a cabinet without nobles was promised, while one edict was issued that Chinese and Manchus were to be considered equal. By Nov. 3 the city of Shanghai (except for the foreign concessions) was in the hands of the revolutionists with practically no resistance, the Chinese soldiers, the police and the firemen apparently sympathizing with them. The British held the railway by the British volunteers of the city, but conditions were unsafe for all foreigners and foreign investments, so that the British admiral telegraphed his government that more troops were needed in

THE REVOLT IN CHINA

The unrest in China has been growing for more than a year past, and to the western world its significance has not been very plain nor has the desire of the people of China been understood. Discontent has been manifested for quite the opposite reasons from those that actuate the people in Europe and America. In China resentment is felt against the spirit of modern progress rather than inclination in its favor; while it is accepted as inevitable, opposition is based upon the inequal distribution of its advantages. (See also VI, China.) April 27-May 1 a revolutionary outbreak occurred in Canton against the throne, which, as Manchu, was hated in that southern metropolis. The rebels took cities and destroyed property, and in so doing introduced the international problem that may lead to serious consequences to the world, because many

the Hankow district. By Nov. 7, mand there. The foreign powers also unconfirmed rumors of the fall of asserted the right to protect their Peking were spread, followed by interests. It was not until late in others that the royal family had sur- December, however, that signs of forrendered or were fleeing in despair; eign intervention began to appear. Canton and Foochow fell (Nov. 9) On Dec. 18, Wu Ting Fang, representwhile at the same time the provinces ing the revolutionists, and Tang north of the Yang Tse River were Shao-Yi met at Shanghai to discuss declaring for the revolution. A sur- terms of peace. Dec. 20 the repreprise to all foreigners was the ap- sentatives of Great Britain, Japan, pointment of Dr. Wu Ting Fang, for- France, Germany, Russia, and the merly Chinese minister at Washing- United States formally expressed to ton, to the post of Director of For- the conferees the hope that the negoeign Affairs in the reform government tiations might lead to the establishin the province of Kiang-su. He an- ment of peace. The demand of Wu nounced that he had joined the move- Ting Fang for the granting of a rement and would help to establish a public, with which Tang Shao-Yi exrepublican form of government in pressed his sympathy, was repudiated China. He claimed that 99 per cent. by Yuan Shi-kai, who announced of the population of China were his intention to save the dynasty at supporting the revolution, and he all costs. On Dec. 21, it was rumored wished to secure peace for the coun- that the monarchy would be saved by try, if possible, sending a stirring ap- foreign intervention, but no move had peal to the American people to sup- been made up to the end of the year port the republican movement. Nov. to justify the report. On the con8- it was reported that Hankow was trary, Yuan Shih-kai had been obliged destroyed, the loss being $50,000,000 to consent to refer the decision as to and 400,000 people destitute. Foreign residents were spared. In Nanking imperialist troops killed Chinese. Peking did not fall, as Yuan Shih-kai, the "strong man" of China, took com

the future form of government to a national convention, and the abdication of the Empress Dowager and the Emperor was expected to be only a question of days.

INTERNATIONAL NOTES

Carnegie Peace Medal.-On May 25, 1911, the Governing Board of the Pan-American Union presented to Andrew Carnegie the gold medal voted him at the Fourth International Conference of American States.

The Nobel Prizes.-Toward the end of the year it was announced that the Nobel prizes for 1911 had been awarded to Mme. Curie, of France (Chemistry); M. Maeterlinck, of Belgium (Literature); Wilhelm Wien, of Wuerzburg, Germany (Physics); Prof. Allvar Gullstrand, of Upsala, Sweden (Medicine); Prof. T. M. C. Asser, of The Netherlands, and Alfred Fried, of Vienna, Austria, jointly (Peace).

Distinguished Visitors to the United States. Coming on official visits to the United States during the year, were Count Apponyi of Hungary (Feb. 9) to address the public on the logic of peace; Baron d'Estournelles de Constant of France (March

10), who made an extensive tour of the country on the same mission; Admiral Togo of Japan, (Aug. 4) who crossed the continent as a guest of the nation and who in a quite informal discussion with President Taft expressed the hope that an arbitration treaty between the United States and Japan, similar to that pending between the United States and Great Britain, might be negotiated; Admiral Goni of Chile, (Sept. 30) who was present at the launching of the Chilean battleships in United States construction yards. A Chinese war-ship, the first ever to be seen in American waters, anchored in New York harbor Aug. 26.

Bibliography.-Particular thanks are due to the American Monthly Review of Reviews for permission to use its columns and its tables, on all matters relating to international relations. It is impossible for the student of contemporary affairs to do without them.

VI. FOREIGN HISTORY

ARGENTINA

LATIN AMERICA

ALBERT HALE

Plata; the agreement for the con struction of dry docks to accommoCentennial Exhibition.-With the date the largest Dreadnoughts, in the end of the year 1910 the celebrations port of Bahia Blanca; the enlargeconnected with the one-hundredth ment of the harbor in Buenos Aires anniversary of the Republic's inde- and several other ports; the compendence were concluded. The Rail- mencement of the underground railways and Land Transports Exhibi- way in the same city (Sept. 14); and tion lasted into 1911, and the results the completion of the new Capitol. from it were far-reaching. Great Commerce and Industries.-Comimpetus was given railway building mercially the Republic's business inin South America by what was on creased even over that of 1910, which view there, and foreign exhibitors was one of the largest in its history, gained materially by their increased the foreign trade reaching a total of knowledge of construction possibili- $702,664,810 (gold) in that year. Adties, as well as by actual orders for new equipment. British manufacturers, it is reported, received orders for $10,000,000 of supplies. Considerable attention was attracted to the exhibits from the United States, and a greater intimacy in regard to the remarkable field for railway activity in that part of the world should result to the advantage of manufacturers here. As the railways in operation at the beginning of 1911 had 18,166 miles (28,636 kilometres of track), 2,140 miles (3,445 kilometres) of which were added in 1910, and as about the same amount of extension has been opened for service in 1911, the great advances the country is making are evident.

verse weather conditions had lowered the totals of the agricultural products of Argentina for 1910, but in 1911 the crops were much larger, and the expansion in amount of acreage cultivated was noticeable. Argentina in 1911 sent more meat to England than did the United States, and its proportion of exports of food stuffs will increase from now on. North American interests acquired control of the meat-products industry in the Republic during the year, and an international combination was organized to handle the tobacco business. Industrially, there were reported in 1911 practically 32,000 establishments, in which about 330,000 persons are employed and 230,000 h. p. Public Works.-In other ways Ar- used, of which 10,000 was hydraulic gentina benefited from the centen- power, 950 animal, 3,850 naphtha, nial exhibition. The city of Buenos 4,400 gas, 189,000 steam, and 21,800 Aires was enriched by many parks, electric. Of the employees, 203,000 monuments and public buildings, and worked in factories, 127,000 at home. throughout the country similar addi- Petroleum fields were further develtions were of a substantial charac- oped during the year, and the oil supter. Among the improvements of plied from the fields of Comodoro 1911 were an electric railway be Rivadavia was utilized in locomotween the capital and the city of Latives.

124,459,318 pesos (paper), which should more than balance the outgo. This economy is the more urgent, because of scandals about mismanagement of funds in the Department of Agriculture, and of frauds in the custom house, which were corrected, but cost the government considerable money.

Immigration. Immigration into Argentina averages annually close to 200,000 individuals (about 40 per cent. returning), mostly from Europe, Italy furnishing a large proportion; to accommodate them, a magnificent new immigrants' hotel was inaugurated in 1911 by the President of the Republic in Buenos Aires, with all arrangements as sanitary as science Scientific Missions.-Scientific work could make them; another in Bahia in many Departments (Provinces) Blanca was also opened, as the gov- was carried on during 1911. A comernment endeavors to divert the tide mission from Amherst College (U. S.) of immigration toward the southern was sent to Patagonia to make a regions through this port. In order biological survey; another commisto regulate the health of these new-sion from Germany explored the Arcomers, the government instituted gentinian Andes for geologic data, certain reforms in examination for noting also the possibilities of com1911; these consisted in physical and mercially exploiting the region visitother examinations to prevent the ed. Careful plans were made for irriintroduction of disease, and seemed gation in many of the arid places of to bear with particular hardship the Republic. At the Turin Exposiagainst the Italians. In July the tion (Italy), the government had a Italian government, as retaliation, fine pavilion of the natural and inestablished rules restricting emigra- dustrial products of the country. In tion from home ports, which no- order to carry on an active propaticeably reduced the number of ganda concerning Argentina and its Italians coming to Argentina to work during harvest times; the two governments were on that account in disagreement, and international friction resulted. As a consequence, efforts were made to induce farm laborers to go out from England during harvest time, the railways acting in coöperation. This proposed Minor Events.-The year at home source of supply of laborers may have passed with only slight disasters or a decided influence in changing the disturbances. In Buenos Aires a secharacter of Argentina's rural popu- vere fire destroyed a portion of the lation. The immigrant law in 1911 demands that only able-bodied individuals may enter the country, and that some one must be responsible for them; the burden of responsibility for transportation violating this law is, as in the United States, thrown upon the steamship companies.

attraction for settlers and investors, the government (Department of Agriculture) sent to commercial bodies and museums abroad exhibits of resources, with abundant literature on opportunities, and proposes in this way to attract general attention.

customs warehouses and caused damage to the extent of millions of dollars. Minor strikes occurred in the large cities, but these labor difficulties were soon settled. In foreign affairs the nation remained at peace with, the world. One of the great events of 1911 was the launching of the two dreadnoughts, Rivadavia (Aug. 26) and Moreno (Sept. 23) 27,000 tons each, which the government had ordered constructed in United States yards.

The Budget. The budget for 1911 has been accepted for expenses at 27,490,965 pesos (gold = $0.965) and about 193,000,000 pesos (paper 0.44 of a gold peso), and as there Administration.-No change in the was a deficit in 1910, the revenue not administration of the Republic ocbeing sufficient to meet are extraor-curred. President Roque Saenz Peña dinary expenditures of ing centennial (inaugurated October 12, 1910) reyear, every effort was mofile to carry mained in office and carried out the out a rigid economy in the cost of principles of progressive administragovernment. The income is estima- tion with which he had begun his ed at 87,066,681 pesos (gold) and term.