seduction of minors and the fraudu- in the "old country"; almost ablent or forcible exportation of adult solute lack of bookkeeping, the pri women. The United States govern- vate affairs of the banker and those ment will have to depend mainly on of the bank often being indistinits own officers for the suppression guishable; frequent failure to give of this traffic. adequate receipt for funds; investImmigrant Banks.-The report ment of deposits in private business covers over 100 representative im- or worthless securities; redeposit in migrant banks, i. e., concerns mak- banks, the interest being approing a practice of receiving from priated by the immigrant banker; aliens deposits or money for trans- lack of capital and reserve, so that mission abroad. The data were sup- the depositor has no redress in case plemented by interviews with re- of loss, while the average amount sponsible immigrant business men of the deposit is too small to warrant and bankers, and with city and a suit to recover. In the case of court officers. The report does not money left for transmission abroad, cover New York City, because state the system is so lax that the purand federal authorities had already chaser of a money order has no satinvestigated conditions there. isfactory evidence of deposit and no means of fixing responsibility in case of loss. It is common also for passbooks representing deposits in foreign banks to be left with immigrant bankers without receipts. The chance for fraud is obvious. Even where there is no disposition to defraud, the likelihood of loss to the depositor is enormous.

A peculiarity of these banks is that they represent only races of southern and eastern Europe. Depositors are usually recent arrivals, ignorant of business methods, suspicious of American institutions and trustful of compatriots, especially of the steamship agent, who seems the only link between them and the fatherland.

"Immigrant bankers" are sometimes shrewd and intelligent business men, but more often irresponsible and ignorant of banking methods, while frequently their only qualification seems common nationality with patrons. They gain a hold over their customers by performing services which the regular bank cannot-they maintain banking hours in the evenings and on Sundays, a matter of controlling importance to the day laborer; they serve as interpreters, intermediaries, legal advisers, correspondents, forwarders of mail, notaries public, labor agents, grocers, saloon keepers; frequently furnish board and lodging, cash checks, etc., and act as steamship agents. This manifold relation between banker and customer is a double source of evil; it allows many forms of exploitation and furnishes the principal investment for the "bank's" funds.

Only two states have any definite control of these institutions, most of which are unincorporated and operated by individuals. The need for control over them is everywhere felt, even among the responsible proprietors themselves. The depositors are of the class least able to afford loss, and by reason of the numbers affected, failure of such a bank is most disastrous. The greatest difficulty in legislation is to frame laws regulating them without injuring legitimate banks and at the same time meeting the constitutional test of non-discrimination. Control will always be most difficult because of the countless private individuals who receive money for safe keeping. Such laws as exist are discussed by the report and the suggestion made that officers charged with administration over banks should be required frequently and thoroughly to examine such institutions, backed by proper machinery to enforce the law.

Some of the abuses found are false Changes in the Bodily Form of advertising implying governmental Descendants of Immigrants.-What or large financial backing; use of has already been said regarding the term notary public or its equivalent, commission's report indicates which is misleading because the importance it attached to the probname represents much less here than lem of assimilation.

In

the

economic

and social matters apparently no The Immigration Situation in Cantest of assimilation was used by the ada.-Immigration has assumed commission. But in the study of great importance for Canada bephysical assimilation a new and cause of the development of its promising line of study was opened western territory, especially British in measuring the head form of Sicilians and east European Hebrews in New York City. Until the full details are made public the following summary of the provisional results must suffice:

(1) Immigrants coming to this country and living in the crowded parts of New York City have children the shape of whose head departs widely from that of their par

ents.

(2) Where the parental type is long-headed, or dolichocephalic, the children are less dolichocephalic; where the parental type is roundheaded, or brachycephalic, the childdren are less brachycephalic.

(3) The departure from the ancestral type appears even in cases where the children born abroad have been brought to this country in early childhood; it is more marked among children born in this country, and the longer the interval between the arrival of the mother and the birth of the child, the more the shape of the child's head differs from that of its parents.

Columbia. In proportion to population Canada received more immigrants between 1900 and 1909 than did the United States. Canada affords an interesting example of a country with a definite immigration policy consistently followed to accomplish certain results. This report describes fully the propaganda and expenditures in this field. Canada's policy consists in encouraging the immigration of farmers and farm laborers only; all others are definitely advised not to emigrate. The result is that, for example between 1907 and 1909, over 38 per cent. of the immigrants to Canada were of the agricultural class. In contrast, only 16 per cent. of those coming to the United States were of that class, but it should be noted that this figure does not include accompanying women and children, as does the Canadian figure. Over 78 per cent. of these farmers and farm laborers immigrating to Canada were from the United States.

The chief contrast between Canadian and United States immigration (4) The changes are great enough laws is that a laborer arriving there to make the difference between the without assurance of definite employshape of the head among a round- ment is likely to be debarred; while headed stock, like persons of east one coming here with such assurance, European Hebrew blood born in the if it be discovered by the immigraUnited States, and a long-headed tion officers, will be debarred as a stock, like persons of Sicilian blood contract laborer. Another difference born in the United States, less than in the laws is that those of Canada the difference between either group do not exclude polygamists and anof children and their parents.

archists. An appendix to the report gives the full text of the laws of the two countries.

These results are the more surprising because the shape of the head has been thought an extremely The report discusses immigration persistent characteristic, controlled from the United States to Canada almost entirely by hereditary influ- and from Canada to the United ences and very little by environ- States. To encourage the former, an ment. Although far from conclusive, active propaganda is conducted, as a they seem to warrant at least a sus result of which the United States is pense of judgment upon that point. furnishing about one-third of the toIf they could be accepted at their tal immigrants. In the homestead face value, they would show that the entries for 1909 every state and terprocess of physical assimilation of ritory, except Delaware and Missisimmigrants begins sooner, progresses sippi, were represented, but more more rapidly and affects the whole than one-half were from North Dasystem more radically than has hith-kota and Minnesota. Immigration erto been believed. thitherward within recent years has

approximated 60,000 annually; the expectations. A total of eight mil

United States Commissioner of Immigration in Canada estimates that about 15,000 return to this country annually.

lion, or an increase of one half over 1901 had been confidently predicted. Probably the main reason is that the Canadian estimates fail to allow enough for the steady and large but unrecorded drift of Canadians by birth and immigrants to Canada southward into the United States. Regarding the former current the American birthplace statistics afford some information. The great majority of Canadians by birth are living either in Canada or in the United States. Disregarding those who have emigrated to some other country, the figures since 1871 are as fol

Oriental immigration is the topic of an interesting section. This, as in our country, is practically a Pacific Coast phenomenon, British Columbia being the Canadian province affected. Exclusion of the Chinese through imposition of a head tax was not effective until the amount was raised to $500 (Jan. 1, 1904), whereupon Chinese immigration fell to almost nothing. Oddly enough, however, in three years this created such a monopoly of Chinese labor lows:

One-fifth of all Canadians by birth are living in the United States and four-fifths in Canada.

NATURALIZATION

Under the terms of the naturaliza

The influx of Japanese through Hawaii in 1907 doubled their number in British Columbia (7,500 at the beginning of that year) and, taken in connection with the increasing tion act of June 29, 1906, a division numbers of Chinese and Hindus, so of naturalization was established in aroused the inhabitants that, by the Bureau of Immigration and Nat-agreement with Japan, passports are now limited to 400 annually.

uralization to supervise and make uniform the process of naturalization Hindu immigration increased from before the state or the federal courts. insignificant numbers prior to 1907 In the fiscal year 1909-1910 there to over 2,500 in that and the fol- were 2,472 courts issuing certificates lowing year. Their exclusion, since of naturalization, of which 227, or 9 they are British subjects, was a per cent., were federal courts and most delicate matter, the accomplish- 2,247, or 91 per cent., were state ment of which was an extremely in-courts. The number of certificates of teresting bit of diplomacy. naturalization issued annually since the law went into effect is: 1906-07 (nine months). 1907-08 1908-09

IMMIGRATION FROM CANADA

1909-10

7.953 25,963

39,29

2

06

The preliminary announcement of the results of the Canadian census of June, 1911, show a total populaBut of the certificates issued more tion of 7,151,869 and an increase of than one-fourth come from the redone-third, 33.2 per cent. in ten years. eral courts. It has been estimated For the first time in several decades that probably just before the new Canada has increased in population law took effect in the vicinity of more rapidly than this country. The 100,000 persons were naturalized anincrease, however, did not equal the nually.

IV. AMERICAN HISTORY

G. H. BLAKESLEE

INTRODUCTION

crats; 62nd Congress, Senate, 51 Republicans, 40 Democrats (1 vacancy); House, 160 Republicans, 228 Democrats (1 Socialist and 2 vacancies).

Political Parties.-The year 1911 has been marked by notable political changes. The Republican party, so long in power in the national government, lost its control of the House The result has been to compel the of Representatives and had its own President to depend upon a politically ranks divided into the two fairly divided Congress for the enactment distinct groups of "Progressives" and of legislation, a situation, however, "Regulars." Political issues have not at all unusual in the past. In aroused as keen an interest as be- the last half century there have been fore, but they have not been fought 16 years during which the President's on strictly party lines. The great party has been in a minority in at public questions-those of reciprocity, least one branch of Congress; this tariff revision, the control of trusts happened in the administrations of and corporations, the conservation of Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and national resources, and the ratifica- in both of those of Cleveland. Durtion of the new arbitration treaties ing eight of these years-the whole with Great Britain and France-have of Hayes's administration and half none of them been presented as clear- of each of Cleveland's-the President cut issues between the two great par- was politically opposed to both ties. On each the Republican leaders Houses. have been divided. President Taft signed the Reciprocity act, which was opposed by the majority of his party in Congress, and vetoed the tariff bills, which received the support of progressive Republicans.

Political Changes. For 14 years before 1911 the Republican party controlled the Presidency, the Senate and the House of Representatives; but the elections in the fall of 1910 deprived it of its majority in the House and cut down its membership in the Senate. The 61st Congress, which came to an end March 4, 1911, had a Republican majority of 28 in the Senate and 45 in the House; the 62nd, which convened a month later, April 4, had a Republican majority of but 11 in the Senate, and a Democratic majority of 67 in the House. The exact figures are: 61st Congress, Senate, 60 Republicans, 32 Democrats; House, 217 Republicans, 172 Demo

The Republican defeat in 1910 has also many precedents. From 1874 to 1894 every administration in turn lost its mid-term Congressional elections.

The state elections in the fall of 1910 were equally unfortunate for the Republicans. In 1911 the number of Republican governors fell from 26 to 21, while the number of Democratic governors increased from 20 to 25. This overturn was caused by Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Idaho, Oregon and Wyoming electing Democratic in place of Republican executives; while Nebraska, Nevada and Tennessee changed from Democratic to Republican control. In 1910, 27 state legislatures were Republican and 19 Democratic; in 1911 22 were Republican and 24 Democratic. This change came from the Republicans losing the legislatures of Maine, New

York, New Jersey, West Virginia, gents, as they are often called, have

Political Issues. In regard to the leading political issues there has seemed to be a weakening of party ties. Each side has had its progressives and its conservatives, although the division among the Republicans count of the leading issues in 1911 has been the most marked. On many questions the Progressives, or Insur

RECIPROCITY