FOUNDATIONS.

SEC. 25. All buildings, except frame buildings without chimneys, shall have foundations of masonry or metal, laid not less than four feet below the surface of the earth or to the solid rock and on suitably prepared bearing.

Where piles are necessary to secure a proper bearing for foundations, they shall be prepared, driven and finished under the instructions, and to the satisfaction of the Building Inspector.

FOUNDATION WALLS.

SEC. 26. Foundation walls shall be construed to include all walls and piers of building below the grade.

If built of rubble stone or Portland cement concrete, foundation walls shall not be less than eighteen inches thick and at least four inches thicker than the wall next above, if such wall is of brick, or eight inches thicker if such wall is of stone.

If foundation walls are of brick they shall not be less than twelve inches thick and at least four inches thicker than the wall next above.

If foundation walls extend to a depth of more than twelve feet below the grade level, they shall be increased in thickness at least four inches for each additional ten feet or part thereof.

Footings may be made of concrete or stone or of metal and shall be properly proportioned to sustain the loads imposed thereon.

If of stone the stones shall not be less than two feet by three feet or less than six inches thick and their clear projection shall not be greater than the thickness of the stones.

If of concrete, footing shall not be less than eight inches thick and the clear projection of footings shall not be more than two-thirds the thickness of footing.

Stepped up footings of brick may be used above the concrete, in which case the offsets shall be not greater than one and one-half inches for each single course.

Grillage beams of wrought iron or steel resting on a proper concrete bed may be used. Such beams must be properly de

signed to distribute with safety the superimposed loads and must be entirely embedded in the concrete.

All stone walls in brick or masonry buildings shall be laid in cement or lime and cement mortar or grouted.

All stone walls shall be thoroughly bonded with suitable headers extending well into the wall.

In rubble masonry all stone shall be laid with broadest surface for beds, and beds shall be fairly level.

PART VI, WALLS, PIERS AND PARTITIONS.

MATERIALS OF WALLS.

SEC. 27. All walls of all buildings other than frame buildings shall be constructed of masonry, metal, or other hard incombustible material.

WALLS AND PIERS.

SEC. 28. In place of walls of the thickness specified in this ordinance, walls may be constructed with piers or buttresses, so proportioned as to give equal strength.

BEARING WALLS DEFINED.

Bearing walls shall be taken to mean those walls on which posts, beams, girders or trusses rest.

BEARING WALLS WITH OPENINGS.

If any horizontal section through any part of any bearing wall shows more than thirty per cent. area of flues and openings the said walls shall be increased in thickness as required by the Building Inspector.

All walls and piers shall be properly bonded and joints. well filled with mortar. All walls shall be built to a line and be carried up plumb.

All walls shall be built up the full thickness to the top of beams above.

All brick laid in non-freezing weather shall be well wet before being laid.

PIERS.

Piers may be built of stone or brick laid in cement mortar, or of Portland cement concrete.

Every brick pier containing less than nine superficial feet in horizontal section supporting any beam, girder, arch or column on which a wall rests or supporting a lintel spanning an opening of over ten feet and carrying a wall shall have built into it at intervals of not over three feet apart in height a suitable bond plate of stone or metal and of the full size of pier.

All piers carrying columns or girders shall have suitable caps of cut granite or blue stone or metal of the full size of the pier and properly proportioned for the load to be carried. Isolated brick piers shall not exceed in height ten times their least dimensions.

Stone posts for supports shall not be used in the interior of any building.

Where walls or piers are built of cut stone the Building Inspector may allow a less thickness than specified for brick work.

HEADING COURSES IN BRICK WALLS.

All brick walls shall be bonded every sixth course with a heading course or with diagonal headers or with approved metal wall ties.

All bearing walls faced with brick laid in running bond shall be four inches thicker than the walls are required under any section of this ordinance.

SEC. 29.

ASHLAR.

Ashlar used for facing of walls shall not be less than four inches thick.

Ashlar shall be properly anchored to the backing with meta! anchors, and all backing shall be the full thickness required for walls by this ordinance.

But if ashlar be at least eight inches thick and well bonded into backing, then it may count as part of the thickness of the wall, but the entire thickness of the wall shall be four inches greater than called for by the provisions of this ordinance for brick walls.

MORTAR FOR WALLS AND ASHLAR.

SEC. 30. All walls and piers below the grade level, except partition walls or piers not exposed to dampness, shall be built with cement mortar or lime and cement mortar.

Masonry walls or piers above ground or not exposed to dampness may be laid in lime mortar.

The backing of all stone ashlar shall be laid up with cement mortar or lime and cement mortar.

WALLS OF DWELLING HOUSES.

SEC. 31. The expression "walls of dwelling houses" shall be taken to mean and include walls of buildings used for purposes of residence and including also the following buildings: Club houses, hospitals, hotels, parish buildings, schools.

THICKNESS OF WALLS.

All brick walls of dwelling houses not exceeding fifteen feet in height shall not be less than eight inches thick.

All brick walls of dwelling houses more than fifteen feet in height and not exceeding fifty feet in height, shall be not less than twelve inches thick.

All brick walls of dwelling houses more than fifty feet in height and not exceeding seventy-five feet in height shall have the upper fifty feet not less than twelve inches thick and the remainder of walls not less than sixteen inches thick.

All brick walls of dwelling houses more than seventy-five feet in height shall have the upper twenty-five feet of wall not less than twelve inches thick, and the wall shall be increased in thickness, four inches for each thirty-five feet or part thereof of wall extending downward.

All brick walls extending horizontally more than one hundred and five feet without suitable cross walls, buttresses, piers or other supports to brace same shall be increased, four inches in thickness over the preceding requirements.

All brick walls carrying girders or joists of a span greater than twenty-six feet shall be increased four inches in thickness over the preceding requirements for each extra fifteen feet of span or fraction thereof.

IRON COLUMNS AND GIRDERS.

Columns and girders of steel or iron, properly proportioned, may be substituted for brick walls required.

WALLS OF WAREHOUSES.

SEC. 32. The expression "walls of warehouses" shall be taken to mean the walls for all buildings other than dwelling houses and including the following:

Armories, churches, factories, power houses, office buildings, public assembly buildings, storehouses, theaters.

The bearing walls of all warehouses carrying girders or joists not exceeding twenty-six feet in span shall be of not less than thicknesses as follows:

Brick walls not exceeding thirty feet in height shall not be less than twelve inches thick.

Brick walls more than thirty feet in height and not exceeding sixty feet in height shall have the upper twenty-five feet of wall not less than twelve inches in thickness and the remainder of wall not less than sixteen inches in thickness.

Brick walls more than sixty feet in height and not exceeding seventy-five feet in height shall have the upper twenty-five feet of wall not less than twelve inches in thickness and each thirty-five feet or part thereof of wall below shall be increased four inches in thickness.

Walls more than seventy-five feet in height shall have the upper fifteen of wall not less than twelve inches in thickness and each thirty-five feet or part thereof of wall below shall be increased four inches in thickness.

If the clear span of girders or joists carried on bearing walls shall be greater than twenty-six feet, the thickness of walls specified in this section shall be increased four inches in thickness for each extra fifteen feet or fraction thereof.

All buildings having walls more than one hundred and five feet in length without suitable supporting cross walls, buttresses or other supports shall have the thicknesses increased four inches over the thicknesses specified in this ordinance. for each one hundred and five feet of projection or length of wall.