second figure, and there are many spaces through which liquid can be driven. It is a fact that last sprays in the fall of the year often do considerable calyx good, as at that time the growing apple has again opened the calyx cup and more poison can be forced in.

I find that when I come to investigate the spraying of those that have not had good results previously, I usually find that they do not hold their nozzles close enough to the blossoms and do not turn the spray around sufficiently to get a straight drive on every apple. If you miss a calyx on a western apple, you have a calyx wormy apple almost every time, so we do actually spray in the western country until we are satisfied that there is not one apple in one hundred on our trees that has not been driven straight into. This is not conjecture on our part. You cannot get away from the facts presented in these records where we have had as many as four worms to an apple in some cases and yet as high as 99 per cent calyx efficiency. There is no question in my mind either but what the greater per cent of this killing is done in the lower calyx cavity. If you fill the top cavity above the stamen bars with poison, when they shrivel there is a considerable likelihood that some of the poison will be knocked off and dropped into the lower cavity, and increase the amount already driven there. It is also probable that we get a considerable efficiency due to the rearrangement of the poison on the trees during the summer. The poison that has been placed on the leaves and bark of the smaller branches and twigs will, as they rub together, tend to fall on the lower apples and give a higher efficiency there than we get on the upper ones.

P. J. PARROTT: I am quite frequently confronted with some anomalous results in spraying for the codling moth in New York. I am at times surprised at the satisfactory returns obtained by some of our growers in spraying for this pest when considering how carelessly the work is performed. Then there are other orchardists who, in spite of careful spraying, experience considerable difficulty in obtaining a reasonable amount of protection. One of the great benefits that has been derived from the discussions in recent years upon methods of combating the codling moth is the emphasis that has been placed upon thoroughness of treatment. The discussion of this subject at Baltimore led me to make some tests to determine how far the spraying mixture penetrated into the center of the blossom part. We used a high-pressure spraying outfit and cochineal to stain the mixture but I was surprised how ineffective was our spraying as conducted in our usual fashion. It was apparent that we were not taking enough pains to treat all of the blossoms, nor were we using enough spray material. I have since encouraged our growers to use spraying mixtures more liberally and to spend more time with each tree. When the bordeaux

mixture was commonly employed there was comparatively little danger in drenching the foliage; but the lime-sulphur solution is largely used now, and because of the danger of "burning" the leaves, we are confronted with the situation of advocating thorough spraying for the codling moth coupled with a warning to use the liquid in minimum quantities to avoid injuries to foliage.

PRESIDENT F. L. WASHBURN: Did you look for the cochineal in the lower calyx cup?

P. J. PARROTT: Yes.

PRESIDENT F. L. WASHBURN: And find that you didn't get that? P. J. PARROTT: Well, I was surprised to find how little of the cochineal reached the lower calyx cavity. We failed to see it in the lower calyx cavities of most of the fruits. I should also like to say that we have an orchard of about thirty-five acres, said to contain upwards of 800 varieties of apples that I am supposed to keep free from insects. I take a great deal of pride in showing visitors the freedom of the trees from San Josè scale and various other insects, but I am constantly surprised at the number of wormy apples that appear. I am puzzled at my results and I have often wondered if some western entomologist could inform me how to reduce the number of wormy fruits. I attribute my failures to the mixture of varieties and the presence of neglected orchards in the neighborhood. There is no appreciable shrinking of the stamens, and it would be impracticable to attempt to reach the lower calyx cavity.

E. D. SANDERSON: I agree heartily with Professor Quaintance in this matter. There is one thing, it seems to me, the entomologists might stand for in the East, and that is to get away from this idea of spraying a week or ten days after the first spraying for the codling moth. A lot of spray pump companies and newspapers keep on insisting on that recommendation for the codling moth, but I think it ought to be three weeks after the first spraying, as far as the codling moth is concerned. I find a good many horticulturists recommending a week or ten days after the first spraying, but I don't believe in it

P. J. PARROTT: The reason for that recommendation is that there is danger of a very late infection of apple scab, which sometimes makes that treatment advisable in New York.

SECRETARY A. F. BURGESS: Mr. President, I would suggest that, inasmuch as there are many good men in the western states who are thoroughly familiar with Doctor Ball's spraying method, that it might be a good idea for some of our eastern institutions to obtain one of those men as an assistant and try the method here in all its details. They certainly develop entomologists in the West, and I think it would be a very fine thing to have that tried out in the East

at some station where they need another assistant. Get a man, try it out, and see if it is possible to secure better results.

A. L. QUAINTANCE: Mr. President, I am reminded by Mr. Burgess' remark that I have in my office force Mr. E. L. Jenne, who was for some years connected with the Washington Experiment Station and spent two years I believe, in a careful study of the codling moth in the State of Washington in connection with Professor Melander. I think, therefore, that Mr. Jenne is thoroughly familiar with western methods of spraying. He was in charge of the spraying operations at Siloam Springs, Ark., upon which the Bureau has reported. We therefore think in this case, at least, that the spraying was done by a true west

erner.

W. H. GOODWIN: During the last few years our results in the spraying experiments in the Ohio Station orchard were variable. The differences in the number of wormy apples where the same kind of sprays were used and the same number of applications were given, was surprising and was due, we decided, entirely to varietal differences. There are only three trees of each kind in the variety orchard and the results obtained were very striking because of the wide range of variation of the percentages of wormy fruit. Some trees having less than twelve per cent wormy while another tree in the same plot but of a different variety had almost forty per cent wormy fruit.

PRESIDENT F. L. WASHBURN: It might be a good thing for the men interested in this subject to get together while we are in Washington and discuss this subject.

Adjournment.

Friday, December 29th, 10.00 A. M.

PRESIDENT F. L. WASHBURN: The first paper of the morning is by Glenn W. Herrick, of New York. "Notes on the Control of Three Shade Tree Pests." Mr. Herrick.

NOTES ON THREE SHADE TREE PESTS

By G. W. HERRICK, Ithaca, N. Y.

The Elm-Tree Leaf-Beetle (Galerucella luteola)

The splendid elm trees on the campus of Cornell University have been so badly injured during the past half dozen years by the leafbeetle that measures of control became imperative if the trees were to be saved. Fortunately, the University authorities realized the gravity

of the situation in time and naturally turned to the Department of Entomology for help.

The problem seemed a rather large one and I was surprised to find how little definite data there really was to guide us in making an estimate of the cost of spraying shade-trees, or to give a really adequate idea of the kind of outfit to use, and the most economical and effective methods of accomplishing the work. We have nothing startling to offer in the way of new methods or apparatus, but we succeeded in spraying the trees with rather gratifying results in controlling the beetle and in a fairly economical manner. We hope, however, to improve the work during the coming season.

The first question that presented itself, of course, was the matter of apparatus. Our appropriation was not large and it, therefore, became necessary to limit ourselves to reasonably inexpensive and tried outfits. After much correspondence and several interviews with agents, we decided to purchase a Hardie Power Sprayer with a triplex pump, 3 H.P. engine, 200-gallon tank, 12-foot tower, two leads of hose, each 100 feet long, and two extension poles, one 20 feet long and the other 12 feet in length, and a Friend Hilly-Orchard outfit with a 33 HP. engine, California model pump, 8-foot tower and other equipment like the former outfit. With these outfits, and both gave eminent satisfaction, we were able at all times to maintain 175 to 200 pounds and over) pressure. One man remaimed on the tower and with his 20-foot extension pole and Bordeaux Nozzle was able to reach the tops of the very highest trees, The man on the ground ran the engine, drove the team, and sprayed the lower branches. The so-called foreman directed the work, mixed the solutions, attended to breakdowns, climbed trees if necessary, and kept things going in general.

The first spraying was made from May 16 to May 25 and the second from June 12 to June 22.

We used 3 Its of paste arsenate of lead the first time over the trees and 3} Ils. to 50 gallons of water the second time.

A careful and detailed record of the actual cost of spraying 435 trees was kept Most of these trees were large and all of them stood near the street and near our water supply It cost $133 37 to spray these trees once or 3076 per tree On the average each machine sprayed 364 trees per day of eight hours, or 4} trees per hour or a tree about every 131 manutes On an average we used approximately 18 gallons of liquid to each tree

A detailed example of a day's work on the largest trees will give even a better ides of the cost of spraving such trees On June 19th the two machines began on the largest elms on the Campus, namely,

those from the Library south along each side of Central Avenue. The two machines sprayed 59 of these very large trees. The cost of the men and teams was $17.00, the arsenate of lead $6.61, the gasoline 35c, total $23.96, which is an average of 40.6c per tree.

In all, there are about 530 trees on the University Grounds that were sprayed. About 100 of these were scattered over the steep hillsides west of the buildings and along University and Stewart Avenues. Many of these trees were a mile from our water supply and the majority were scattered and not easy to reach. It cost, exclusive of permanent equipment, $464.90 to spray these trees twice or an average of approximately 88c each. The scattered trees just mentioned raised the average cost of the whole, quite materially. If all of the trees had stood along streets and reasonably near a water supply the average cost would have fallen I think, below 70c. It took the two machines ten days to make the first spraying and eleven days to make the second. The second spraying was done more thoroughly and there was much more leaf surface to cover. On the other hand, experience had made the men more efficient.

In conclusion of these notes on the elm leaf-beetle, I should like to note the work of Sporotrichum globuliferum in killing scores of the pupa and newly emerged beetles of the first generation in the latter. part of July and first part of August, and a great majority of the pupa of the second brood in September.

The Elm Sawfly Leaf-Miner (Kaliosysphinga ulmi)

This miner is present at Ithaca and injures the English and Scotch elms very severely. Its life history and habits were investigated by the late Professor Slingerland and described in Bulletin 233 of the Cornell Experiment Station. No adequate method of control, however, had been found up to 1911, so far as I am aware.

Recalling the penetrating power of certain contact insecticides, it occurred to me that possibly the larvæ might be killed in their mines in the leaves before they caused much injury. It was with a forlorn hope, however, that I sprayed a small Scotch elm which had been badly injured.

The mixture consisted of Black-leaf-40 at the rate of one gallon to 800 gallons of water with four and one-half pounds of laundry soap to 50 gallons of water. The application was made in May just as the tiny mines had begun to show in the leaves. The effect was quite surprising. I examined a great many of the sprayed leaves and every larva had apparently been killed within a comparatively short

We intended to use but two pounds of soap to 50 gallons but by a mistake in calculation four and one-half pounds were used.