History; the first dating from 1812, the latter from 1831, although it was the successor of the Linnæan Society, founded in 1814. Each contains large collections of birds comprising many types of species described by our earlier ornithologists, such as Wilson, Bonaparte, Cassin and Lawrence. The Academy has the largest collection of mollusk: in America, and one of the largest in the world, including many types of Tryon, Say and Pilsbry. These two institutions may be looked upon as the predecessors of public, scientifically arranged museums in the United States, the majority of our museums being of very recent origin.

While city or municipal museums are not numerous in this country yet the class includes some of the larger, more important museums in the United States. Most of these have been founded by private citizens but have subsequently received support from city governments either by grants of money, the allotment of land, or the construction of buildings. Chief among them and the largest municipal museum of natural history in the world, is the American Museum of Natural History, New York, incorporated in 1869 as the result of the efforts of the leading members of the New York Lyceum of Natural History whose collections had been destroyed by fire. Other noteworthy museums of this class are the Field Columbian Museum of Chicago, the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, and the Milwaukee Museum.

In this category, too, are to be found all the art museums in the United States, not one having been established by the National Government, or that of any State. Local museums are practically lacking in the United States; for most of the smaller museums, even, make the attempt to cover the same ground as the larger institutions when they could achieve much better results by confining their attention to the immediate vicinity. In conclusion it may be said that while public museums are not so numerous in the United States as might be expected from the size, resources and wealth of the country, the last 25 years has not only witnessed a great increase in their number but in the growth and educational efficiency of those already established. For detailed information as to museums and their administration, cases, labels and the arrangement of exhibts, consult "Museums Association, Report of Proceedings, etc., London (1890 to 1900); since that date Journal of the Museums Association'; consult Flower for the history of museums, their objects, etc.; 'Essays on Museums and Other Subjects Connected with Natural History' (1898). For the history of the Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, classification and administration of museums, A Memorial of George Brown Goode.' Report of the United States National Museum for 1897, Part II., Washington, D. C. (1901) An Account of the United States National Museum'; Report of the United States National Museum for 1896, pp. 287-327, Washington, D. C. (1898). A brief history of the United States National Museum is contained in the Report of the United States National Museum for the year ending 30 June 1901, pp. 1-47, Washington, D. C. (1903); The American Museum of Natural History is described under the title of "The Making of a Museum,' by L.

P. Gratacap, in the 'Architectural Record' for 1900, pp. 375-402.

A work in three volumes on 'Museums, their History and their Use, with a Bibliography and List of Museums in the United Kingdom,' by Dr. D. Murray, has just been published by James Maclehose & Sons, Glasgow.

FREDERIC A. LUCAS,

Curator U. S. National Museum. Mush, moosh, Asiatic Turkey, the chief town of the Mush sanjak, vilayet of Bitlis, 79 miles south of Erzerum, near the Kara-su, the eastern affluent of the Euphrates. It is built on a plateau 4,800 feet above sea-level, rising on the south side of a mountain-girt and fertile plain. It is a dirty town, peopled by Turks and Armenian Christians. It has Gregorian and Roman Catholic bishops and an American Protestant mission and schools. A thriving trade is carried on in the tobacco, grape vine, wheat, and other agricultural products of the adjacent plain. Mush is mentioned by Xenophon and Moses of Khorene, and came into prominence in 1894, owing to the massacre of Armenians at Sasun in the neighborhood. Pop. about 20,000.

Mush'room, a popular term loosely applied to many species of higher fungi, especially such as have a cap (pileus) upon an erect stalk. Primarily, the mushroom is Agaricus campestris (see FUNGI), the only species cultivated upon a commercial scale. Though more than 700 species of mushrooms have been proved edible within the last half century, and though many others will doubtless be proved harmless, the novice should be cautious in trying new species. Each unfamiliar kind should be subjected to rigid examination first by smell, and malodorous ones discarded; then by taste, a small piece being nibbled but not swallowed. If no ill results follow in the course of several hours, a small piece may be swallowed. If no evil effects follow, but the flavor raw is unpleasant, cooked morsels may be cautiously tried, and results noted. Each individual must decide what species agree with him, because some systems will not endure kinds innocuous to others. Nervous fear of fancied bad symptoms must be controlled, or real illness may be induced by the imagination.

Several species are popularly reputed virulent which do not produce any marked effect upon the health for several hours, and which are widely feared as deadly. Since the two commonest of these (Amanita muscaria and A. phalloides) are often mistaken for the common mushroom, the novice should never gather any toadstools in the woods under the impression that they are the proper mushroom, which grows in pastures, lawns, etc., and not in shady places. Further, all species with yellow or white gills should be avoided until known to be edible. The common mushroom has pink gills when young, and purplish-brown or black gills when

mature.

Several of the thousand species of the genus Agaricus are valued for food, but the common mushroom (A. campestris) is the most important. It is occasionally found in open and grassy glades; never in the deep forest, but most frequently in old pastures and lawns, especially in autumn, but often when conditions are favorable during the summer. It grows about three

inches tall, has a fleshy cap about three inches broad, generally white, sometimes reddish or brownish above and pink beneath. Its stem does not rise from a cup-like base as does that of Amanita phalloides. It is generally gathered in the "button" stage, that is, before the cap has expanded. Among its near relatives the best known is probably the horse mushroom (A. arvensis) which is much larger, whiter above, lighter below, the gills being white when young, but otherwise resembling the common species. Other prized edible relatives are: A. silvicolus, smooth, yellowish-white, with a long stem growing in the woods; A. rodmani, white, short and thick-stemmed, found in hard ground, as in city streets; and A. fabaceus, reddish-brown and long-stemmed, with an almond flavor and odor, which grows in greenhouses and on coripost heaps. This species has been successfully cultivated.

horse-manure.

Success in mushroom growing seems to depend more upon the individual grower than upon the method, since two growers may each succeed equally with very different methods. The essentials seem to be decaying organic matter in abundance, uniform but not excessive moisture, and equable rather low temperature. The most popular places for cultivating this plant are caves, abandoned mines, and quarries, cellars, pits and similar places, where the temperature is naturally suitable or may be artificially controlled. The beds are usually made by spreading a layer of well rotted manure and loam over a firmly packed deep layer of fresh After the violent heat of fermentation has passed and the temperature has fallen to or below 90° F., the mushroom "spawn" is planted. This spawn consists of the mycelium of the fungus in bricks (English) or flakes (French) made of equal parts of horse and cow manure and loam; it is a commercial article and its manufacture constitutes a business distinct from mushroom growing. After sowing, the bed is kept moist by mulching with straw or covering with mats which are replaced in about ten days with a layer of loam about two inches deep. In America the mushroom is rarely cultivated out of doors; in Europe it often is, the temperature and moisture there being more favorable. It is frequently found growing wild as in the vicinity of Petrolea, Ontario, Canada, in sufficient quantities to make commercial shipments profitable.

Besides the species already mentioned, several common American species are among the most desirable edible fungi. Coprinus comatus, the horse-tail or shaggy-mane mushroom, grows sometimes six inches tall, has a nearly cylindrical white shaggy cap with often black scales, and white gills when young, but these turn black and liquefy with age. It is commonly found in lawns, waste places, rubbish heaps, etc., from midsummer until the coming of frost, especially after showers. C. atramentarius, the ink-cap, resembles the preceding in general appearance and places of growth. C. micaceus, the glistening coprinus, is a brownish species smaller than the preceding. It grows upon decaying wood. Lepiota procera, the parasol mushroom, and L. naucina, the smooth lepiota, grow in lawns, pastures and occasionally in gardens. They have white spores and a ring on the stems, to which the gills are usually not attached. Cantharellus cibarius, the chantrelle, grows about three inches

tall, measures nearly as much across the cap, has an irregular top-shaped yellow or orange cap, and has much-branched gills. It grows upon the ground in woods. Marasmius oreades, the fairy ring, or champignon, is a small creamcolored or reddish species, which tends to grow in circles upon lawns and pastures. It is rather tough and solid, but is valued for its nutty flaver and its drying qualities. Its gills are alternately long and short. Lactarius deliciosus has an orange cap, an orange milky juice, and with age shows greenish tints where bruised. Several other related species are highly valued by epicures, for example, L. volemus, with a white sweet juice and orange cap; L. corrugis, a darker species, even dark brown. Boletus edulis, the edible pore-mushroom, has a yellowish or brownish cap, with convex tubes which change with age from white to greenish yellow. It is commonest in chestnut, pine, and oak woods during autumn. Fistulina hepatica, the liver-fungus, grows upon decaying wood, is stemless and of irregular form, red, succulent and fibrous. It is often called beefsteak-fungus on account of its edible qualities. Morchella esculenta and several relatives, popularly known as morels, are of various colors, but usually grayish or yellowish. The top somewhat resembles honeycomb, which makes them easily recognized. They delight in potash and are common where the land has been burned over or wood-ashes have been thrown; also in orchards and woods. Lycoperdon giganteum and other species of puffballs, which are common in pastures, are considered among the best edible fungi if used while still white. They are more or less globular in form. The species mentioned sometimes attains a diameter of several feet.

Mushrooms are often said to be equal to meat in nutritive qualities, but these statements are not warranted by analysis, which show that fresh mushrooms contain about 88 per cent of water, 3.5 per cent of protein, 6.0 per cent of nitrogenfree extract, and generally less than one per cent each of fat, fibre and ash. The protein content is therefore less than one fifth that of porterhouse steak, less than one third that of dressed codfish, and but little more than onefourth that of hens' eggs. Indeed, according to analyses, they seem to be inferior to most Their chief value is therefore in vegetables. their flavors, which vary with individual species as much as among higher plants. They are eaten by various animals (see FUNGUS-EATERS). Bibliography.- Falconer, 'How Mushrooms (1892); Falconer, Farmers' Bulleto Grow tin No. 57, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1897; Farlow, Some Edible and Poisonous Fungi) in United States Department of Agriculture Year Book (1894); Peck, 'Mushrooms and their Uses' (1897); Dallas Atkinson, Studies of American Fungi) (1900); and Burgin, Among the Mushrooms' (1900); McIlvaine, One Thousand American Fungi’ (1900).

Mushroom Gnats. See FUNGUS-EATERS.

Music is the science of combining tones in melodic, rhythmic, and harmonic order, so as to excite the emotions or appeal to the intellect. For untold ages it was purely emotional. With its development as a science, in the Middle Ages, it appealed almost entirely to the intellect, this species of music culminating shortly