the lower surfaces. Its song is a series of melodious warblings, and its nest is placed in bushes and low trees, and contains pearly white eggs marked with purplish and reddish brown.

Nonsense, Fort, in American history, the name of a former fort near Morristown, N. J., projected by Washington to keep his discouraged and famished army from revolting during the winter of 1779-80. The Washington Association of New Jersey erected a memorial stone on the site of the earthworks in 1888.

Non'suit, in law. See NOLLE PROSEQUI. Non'yl, or En'nyl, in chemistry, the organic radical CoHD, whose hydride is the paraffin nonane (q.v.). Nonyl is analogous in its chemical behavior to ethyl and methyl, and, like these, it cannot exist in the free state. The derivatives of nonyl have been very little studied as yet, because they are of no commercial importance, and their relations are exceedingly complicated, owing to the large number of possible isomeric forms that each of them can have. Several of its alcohols, amines and chlorides have been prepared, however.

Non'ylene, or En'nylene, the ninth member of the olefine series of fatty hydrocarbons. It has the chemical formula C.His, and is capable of existing in many isomeric modifications. All of these modifications that are known are liquid. One of them, which may be prepared from one of the nonyl chlorides (see NoNYL), has a specific gravity of 0.853, and boils at 275° F. Another, which occurs in the distillates from bituminous shales, has a specific gravity of 0.753 and boils at 250° F. A third, which occurs among the products obtained by distilling amyl alcohol with zinc chloride, boils at 284° F.

Nootka (noot'ką) Indians, a name given to several North American Indian tribes of the Wakashan family, residing on Vancouver Island. In 1792 they were called Wakash Indians. About 2,500 of them remain, over half of whom are nominally Christians.

Nootka Sound, Canada, an indentation on the west coast of Vancouver's Island. See VANCOUVER'S ISLAND.

Nor'bert, Saint. See PREMONSTRATENSIANS. Norchia, nôr'che-a, The Biga of, in archaology, a name given to the remains of a biga, or two-horse chariot, discovered in 1901 in the course of some excavations undertaken by a country builder at Norchia, a small town almost 30 miles north of Rome, in what was once a populous part of Etruria. With it were found a number of bronze vessels and some pieces of pottery, of a character familiar among Etruscan remains. These remains were purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and placed on exhibition. To set the fragments up it was necessary to reconstruct the original chariot. The wheels alone retained their shape. This entailed a work of great delicacy and difficulty, which was accomplished with great skill.

Nor'cross, Frank W., American trade journalist: b. Bangor, Maine, about 1831; d. Philadelphia 21 March 1903. He removed to New York in 1857, and there founded with J. D. Dexter The Shoe and Leather Reporter,' the earliest trade journal, but one, in the country. He published: The History of the New York Swamp';

NORDENFELT

A Hundred Years' History of the Shoe and Leather Trade in America' (1903).

Nord, nōr, France, a northeastern frontier department bordering on Belgium and the North Sea; area, 2,229 square miles. Capital, Lille. The coast, marked by a long chain of sandy hillocks, furnishes the two harbors of Dunkirk and Gravelines. The interior is a monotonous but fertile alluvial flat, intersected by sluggish streams and canals. The department is essentially agricultural, upward of four fifths of the area being under cultivation. The principal mineral is coal. The iron mines are also very productive. Pop. (1901) 1,877,647.

Nordau, nôr'dow, Max Simon, German physician and author: b. Budapest, Hungary, 29 July 1849. He studied at the University of Budapest, receiving his degree in 1872; he then traveled for six years, visiting the principal countries of Europe, and in 1878 began the practice of medicine in Budapest. In 1880 he went to Paris, and after two years of study resumed the practice of his profession there. He began his literary career at Budapest before entering the University as contributor and dramatic critic for 'Der Zwischenact'; he subsequently was an editorial writer and correspondent for several other newspapers. His newspaper writings were collected and furnished the material for his earlier books, including Pariser Studien und Bilder' (1878); (Seifenblasen (1879); Vom Kreml zur Alhambra (1880); Paris unter der dritten Republik' (1881), which are mostly criticisms of political and social conditions. In 1883 he published 'Die konventionellen Lügen der Kulturmenschheit) (English translation, Conventional Lies of Society'), in which he shows what he believes to be the essential falsity of some of the social, ethical, and religious standards of modern civilization; and in 1892 published Entartung,' translated into English under the title 'Degeneration. This is his best known work and provoked much criticism; in it he maintains that the civilization of the present, the new inventions, and the growth of great cities have resulted in the degeneration of man, especially of the higher classes; that this degeneration is seen particularly in the lowered, and often depraved, standard of literature, art, and music; and that the authors and artists of the day whose work is in accordance with thes standards, are themselves mental and moral degenerates. His other works include: "Paradoxe (1885; in English, 'Paradoxes'); 'Die Krankheit des Jahrhunderts' (1887; in English, The Malady of the Century'); Seelen Analysen' (1892); Die Drohnenschlacht (1897); the novel, ''Gefühlskomödie' (1891; in English, A Comedy of Sentiment'); and the dramas, 'Der Krieg der Millionen' (1832); 'Das Recht zu lieben) (1893); 'Die Kugel' (1894); and 'Dr. Kuhn' (1898). Dr. Nordau is a Jew and has been one of the prominent leaders of the Zionist movement. him was made in the latter part of 1903. An attempt to assassinate

Nordenfelt, nôr'den-felt, Torsten Vilhelm, Swedish inventor: b. 1842. He received a thorough technical training; from 1862 to 1866 was engaged in promoting the sale of Swedish iron in London; and early in the eighties established in Sweden, England, and France factories for the production of ammunition, machine guns, torpedoes, and submarine torpedo boats. Soon after

ward with Hiram S. Maxim (q.v.) he formed the Maxim-Nordenfelt Company. Oscar II. of Sweden named him royal chamberlain in 1885. Nordenfelt's best known invention is a machine gun, intended as a defense against torpedo boats, made with from 2 to 12 barrels, from any one of which the supply of ammunition can be shut off without interfering with the other barrels.

Nordenfelt Machine Gun. See ORDNANCE. Nordenskiöld, nôr'děn-sheld, Adolf Erik, BARON, Swedish Arctic explorer: b. Helsingfors 18 Nov. 1832; d. Dalbyo, Sweden, 12 Aug. 1901. He was educated in Finland at the University of Helsingfors by his father, Nils Gustav Nordenskiold (1792-1865), a mineralogist, with whom he explored parts of the Urals. He was graduated in 1857, and in 1858 became superintendent of the mineralogical department of the Swedish Royal Museum in Stockholm, having been forced to leave Finland by the Russian authorities, who took umbrage at his political views. In all subsequent Arctic expeditions sent out by the Swedish government he took part, accompanying Torrell in 1858 and 1861, and being leader himself in 1864 and in 1868, when he attained to 81° 42', the farthest north at that time reached on board ship. Oscar Dickson, a wealthy gentleman of Göteborg, who had contributed to previous exploration funds, made it possible for Nordenskiöld to explore Greenland in 1870, a preliminary expedition, which, however, made important discoveries of algae and meteorites and penetrated the island farther than had ever been done before. In 1872, after serving two years in the Swedish lower house of parliament, where he allied himself with the Liberal party, Nordenskiöld set out on the fifth Swedish expedition, which wintered in Mossel Bay, whence with a few comrades he pushed north in the spring of 1873 on sledges. In 1875 and 1876 he led the expeditions sent out by Dickson across the Kara Sea and up the Yenesei River, a journey repeated in 1876. These were mere preparations for his great exploit in 1878-9, when he circumnavigated the Eurasian continent; leaving Karlskrona 22 June 1878; wintering in the ice near Bering Strait, after a successful northeast passage, thus accomplishing a project planned three centuries before; reaching Yokohama 2 Sept. 1879, and returning to Europe by the Suez Canal. In 1883 he again explored Greenland from the west coast, beating his previous record of the farthest inland. The remaining years of his life were spent in the study of early cartography, his publications in this field being Periplus, an Essay on the Early History of Charts and Sailing Directions' (1897); an edition of Marco Polo, in French with facsimile (1882); 'Bidrag til Nordens äldsta historia (1892), in honor of the American Columbian celebration, and accompanied by the earliest maps of North America. Most of his important explorations were also described by his pen. Consult : Leslie, Arctic Voyages of Nordenskjöld (1880); and the 'Life, in Swedish, by Andersson (1901).

Nordenskiöld, Gustav, Swedish explorer, son of A. E. Nordenskiöld (q.v.): b. Stockholm 1868; d. Mörsill 6 June 1895. He explored Spitzbergen in 1890 and the Colorado cañons in 1891, and described the latter in a work translated by Morgan under the title The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde' (1893).

Nordenskiöld, Nils Otto, Swedish explorer and geologist, nephew of A. E. Nordenskiold (q.v.): b. Smaland 6 Dec. 1869. He was educated at Upsala, where he was graduated with a doctor's degree in 1894. In 1895-7 he accompanied the scientific expedition to Patagonia under Ohlin; in 1898 traveled through the Klondike; in 1900 was a member of the Danish expedition under Amdrup to the eastern coast of Greenland; and in October 1901 left Göteborg on the Antarctic to explore the south polar regions. His ship was sunk in Erebus and Terror Gulf in the early part of 1902, and he and his men encamped on Paulet Ísland, whence they were rescued by the Uruguay, a gunboat sent out by the government of Argentina.

Norderney, nôr'dĕr-ni, Germany, one of the East Friesian Islands, three miles from the coast of Germany and belonging to the province of Hanover. It is about eight miles long and a little over one mile wide. It is treeless, covered with dunes which are from 10 to 75 feet in height. At the southwest extremity is a village which is protected from the sea by a wall, and the lighthouse in the centre of the island may be seen many miles. The island is the most important of the group on account of being a favorite sea-bathing place. Pop., permanent, about 3,878.

Nordhausen, nôrd'how-zěn, Germany, city in the province of Saxony, on the Zorge, 40 It is at the miles north-northwest of Erfurt. base of the Harz Mountains and the west end of the fertile "Goldene Aue," that is, "golden plain." It has 70 large distilleries of corn brandy, "Nordhäuser schnaps," tanneries, chemical works, and tobacco factories. A quaint town-hall, a Gothic cathedral, and the Church of Saint Blasius, which has two paintings by Lucas Carnach, are all of interest. Pop. (1901) 29,100.

Nordheimer, nôrd'him-èr, Isaac, American Orientalist: b. Memelsdorf, Germany, 1809; d. New York 31 Nov. 1842. His fondness for learning was early displayed and his maturer education was at Würzburg and Munich, where he gained his degree in 1834. In 1835 he came to New York and was instructor in sacred literature in Union Seminary (1838-42), and professor of Hebrew at the New York University (1836-42). His 'Hebrew Grammar,' an elaborate work in two volumes, appeared in its 2d edition in 1842. His other works include: 'A Grammatical Analysis of Scripture or a Chres tomathy' (1838); A Philosophy of Ecclesiastes' (Biblical Repository July 1838). He left in MSS. valuable grammars of Syriac and Arabic.

journalist and author: b. Erwitte, Westphalia, Nordhoff, nôrd'hŏf, Charles, American Prussia, 31 Aug. 1830; d. San Francisco, Cal., 15 July 1901. He came to the United States with his parents in 1835, and in 1843 was apprenticed to a printer in Cincinnati. In 1844 he joined the United States navy and served three years, in which time he made a voyage round the world. He continued to go to sea in merchant, whaling, and fishing vessels until 1853, and was then employed in newspaper offices, first_at Philadelphia, and later at Indianapolis. From 1857 to 1861 he was engaged in editorial work in a New York publishing house; and from 1861-71 was on the staff of the New York Evening Post;

and also contributed to the New York Tribune. From 1871 to 1873 he traveled in California and Hawaii, and in 1874 became Washington correspondent for the New York Herald. He has described his experiences as a sailor in his 'Manof-War Life (1855); The Merchant Vessel (1855); Whaling and Fishing) (1856); and Nine Years a Sailor' (1857). His sociological and political writings include: 'Secession is Rebellion (1860); The Freedmen of the South Carolina Sea Islands' (1863); 'America for the Free Working Men (1865); Politics for Young Americans' (1875); and The Communistic Societies of the United States'; this last is a description and history of different communistic colonies, and is a valuable contribution to descriptive sociology. His other works are: Stories from the Island World' (1857); Cape Cod and All Along Shore (1868); California for Health, Pleasure, and Residence' (1872); 'Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands' (1874); The Cotton States in the Spring and Summer of 1875) (1876); God and the Future Life) (1881); and Peninsular California' (1888).

Nordica, nor'di-ka, Lillian, American opera singer: b. (LILLIAN NORTON) Farmington, Maine, 1859. She studied in the Boston Conservatory and under O'Neill made her first appearance in 1876 as a concert artist, in 1878 went to Europe with Gilmore's Band, studied at Milan under Sangiovanni, and made her operatic début at Brescia in Traviata.' Her success was great; she was immediately engaged for the Imperial opera at Saint Petersburg, and after two years there appeared in Paris in 1882. In the same year she retired from the stage to marry Frederick A. Gower, whom she sued for divorce in 1885, but who disappeared at about the time of the suit, probably having been killed in a balloon accident. She first appeared in London in 1887, and in New York in 1895. In 1894 she played Elsa in 'Lohengrin' at the Wagner Theatre in Baireuth, and in 1896 married the Hungarian tenor, Döme, who took the title role in Parsifal at Baireuth in 1894. She obtained a divorce from him in 1904. Her repertoire is large and she is especially successful in Wagnerian opera and in Les Huguenots' as Aïda.

Nördlingen, nerd'ling-en, Germany, town in the western part of Bavaria; on the Eger River, 75 miles northwest of Munich. Its history dates back to the year 900, and some of the buildings still remaining bear evidence of an even earlier date. Two of the decisive battles of the Thirty Years' war were fought in Nördlingen; one 16 Sept. 1634, where Ferdinand, the king of the Romans, was successful, and South Germany was freed from foreign rule; and the other 13 Aug. 1645 between the Imperial forces and the French,- the French were victorious. Nördlingen has considerable manufacturing interests; linen and woolen goods, carpets, leather, agricultural implements, furniture, and toys are among the manufactures. It has schools of note and a large library. Pop. (1902) 10,568.

Nordmann, Johannes Rumpelmaier, yōhän'něs room'pěl-mi-ĕr nôrt'män, Austrian writer: b. Landersdorf, Austria, 13 March 1820; d. Vienna, Austria, 20 Aug. 1887. He was an actor in early life, but after the success of his first book 'Aurelie,' a volume of poems pub

lished in 1847, he devoted himself to travel and literature. He wrote: Zwei Frauen' (1850); 'Ein Wiener Bürger) (1860); Frühlingsnächte in Salamanca' (1880); etc.

Nordstrand, nôrd'stränt, Germany, an island belonging to the North Friesian group, in the North Sea; area, about 21 square miles. Prior to 1634 the area was about 210 square miles; but that year a flood swept over the island, destroying the greater part of the land and drowning over 6,000 people. Many people on the islands of the vicinity were drowned. Pop. about 3,000.

Nore, nōr, a river in Ireland which has its

rise in the mountains in the northeastern part of Tipperary, flows northeast into Queens County, Barrow River about two miles above New Ross. then southeast through Kilkenny, and joins the It is navigable for steamers of considerable size as far as Inistoge about 20 miles from Waterford Harbor, and smaller craft to Thomastown. Kilkenny is the largest city on its banks.

Norfolk, nor'fok, Charles Howard, IITH DUKE OF, English politician: b. 5 March 1746; d. London 1815. Breaking with the traditions of his family, notably his father, a Roman Catholic and author of pamphlets on penal laws against the Catholics, the son became a Protestant and a Whig; sat in Parliament 1780-4; became lord of the treasury in the Portland Cabinet in 1783; and was dismissed in 1798 from the lord-lieutenancy of the West Riding for toasting the "sovereign English people" in terms displeasing to the Crown. At his death the title passed to Bernard Edward Howard, the first Roman Catholic lord to sit in the House after the Act of Emancipation.

Norfolk, Henry Granville Fitzalan Howard, 14TH DUKE OF, English politician: b. 7 Nov. 1815; d. Arundel Castle, Sussex, 25 Nov. 1860. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge; became a zealous Whig and was always an ardent Catholic. He was a member of the House of Commons from 1837 to 1852, then breaking with his party on the Ecclesiastical Bill of 1850; spent friend of Montalembert; and in 1856, upon his several years in Paris, where he was known as a father's death, entered the House of Lords, where he vigorously opposed Palmerston. He wrote various pamphlets on the Catholic question and the Lives of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, and of Anne Dacres, His Wife' (1857).

Norfolk, Henry Howard, 6TH DUKE OF, English nobleman, friend of Evelyn, the diarist: b. 12 July 1628; d. Arundel, Sussex, II Jan. 1684. He was a younger son of the 2d Earl of Arundel, lived abroad until the Restoration, and in 1667 presented the Arundel Library to the Royal Society and the famous Arundel marbles to Oxford University. He was envoy to Morocco in 1669 and succeeded his brother as duke in 1670. Consult Evelyn, 'Diary.'

Norfolk, Henry Howard, 7TH DUKE OF, English politician, son of the 6th Duke: b. 11 Jan. 1655; d. London 2 April 1701. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford; became lord-lieutenant of Norfolk, Berkshire, and Surrey; and was so strong a Protestant that in spite of his personal attachment to James II., he signed the petition for the Convocation Parliament in 1688 brought over the eastern counties to William of Orange, and was made privy councillor in 1689.

Norfolk, Henry Fitzalan Howard, 15TH DUKE OF, English politician: b. Carlton Terrace 27 Dec. 1847. He succeeded to the title in 1860 upon the death of his father, whom he resembles in his zeal for the Roman Catholic Church. He is president of the Catholic Union of Great Britain; acted as special envoy to the Pope in 1887; with the Unionists he opposed Gladstone's Home Rule programme; and from 1895 to 1900 was postmaster-general. He served in the South African war.

Norfolk, John Howard, IST DUKE OF, English admiral, supporter of the House of York: b. about 1430; d. Bosworth, Leicestershire, 22 Aug. 1485. He was a great-grandson of Sir William Howard, founder of the family and chief justice of common pleas under Edward I. and Edward II. He served in France, was elected to the Commons in 1455 by the interest of John Mowbray, last duke of Norfolk of that name, thus becoming allied to the House of York. He was knighted upon the accession of Edward IV., fought again in France and against the Lancastrians, and in spite of this was made a baron by Henry VI. He became a lieutenant of Richard III., who made him duke of Norfolk, earl marshal, and admiral of England in 1483; and fighting for Richard at Bosworth he was killed. The title of Duke of Norfolk revived for him had been held by the Mowbrays, from whom he was descended on the distaff side.

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2D DUKE OF, English soldier and statesman, son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk (q.v.): b. 1443; d. Framlingham, Suffolk, 21 May 1524. Like his father he fought for Edward IV. at Barnet (1471) and for Richard III. at Bosworth (1485), but in 1514 recovered his attainted title, becoming one of the most trusted generals of the day. He put down the Yorkshire rising of 1489, defeated the Scotch at Flodden (1513), and on the "Evil May Day" of 1517 repressed with terrible severity a riot in London. His entire subservience to the Crown was shown by his concurring in the condemnation of Buckingham for treason, after acting as lord high steward of the court which tried his friend.

con

Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3D DUKE OF, English statesman, son of 2d Duke (q.v.): b. 1473; d. Kenninghall, Norfolk, 25 Aug. 1554 He married Anne, daughter of Edward IV.; served in the navy and in 1513 under his father at Flodden. He opposed the policy of Wolsey and angered the king against him; was less successful in his opposition to Thomas Cromwell; and in 1546 with his son Henry, Earl of Surrey, was accused of high treason. He was demned to death and rescued only by the death of Henry VIII. He remained in the Tower during Edward VI.'s reign; but was restored to favor under Mary; and in his 81st year showed equal bravery and rashness in leading the forces against Wyatt. His grandson THOMAS HOWARD, 4th Duke of Norfolk, son of the Earl of Surrey: b. 1536; d. Tower Hill 2 June 1572; became duke in 1554; gave largely to the foundation of Magdalene College, Cambridge; was sent to Scotland in 1568 to inquire into affairs there; attempted to marry Mary, Queen of Scots; and as head of the English nobility played a prominent part in the Ridolfi plot in her behalf. He was tried for treason and executed.

Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, IST DUKE OF, (of the first creation), English statesman: b. about 1366; d. Venice 1399. He was elected to Parliament in 1383; served in Scotland in the following year; joined in the prosecution of the favorites of Richard II. by the Merciless Parliament; but was soon reconciled to the king and assisted him greatly in his tyrannical policy toward the nobles. Norfolk arrested Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick, and when bidden to produce Gloucester for trial he said that the prisoner was dead, and very possibly he was responsible for Gloucester's death. He was made Duke of Norfolk in the same year, 1397; but in 1398 was accused of treason and banished from England.

Norfolk, Va., city, port of entry, and United States naval station in Norfolk County; the second largest city of Virginia; on the Elizabeth River, which is an arm of the Chesapeake Bay, the Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, and Dismal Swamp Canal. It is 116 miles by water and 90 miles in a direct line southeast of Richmond, on the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, the Seaboard A. L., the Chesapeake & O., the Norfolk & W., the Norfolk & S., the Southern and the New York, P. & N. R.R.'s. Portsmouth and Berkley, which are practically a part of Norfolk, are just across the Elizabeth River.

Topography and Climate.-The city covers an area of about four square miles and is laid out on rather level ground. The climate is genial, being tempered by the Gulf Stream, which runs nearer the shore off Capes Henry and Hatteras than at any other point along the

Atlantic coast.

Public Buildings. Among the prominent buildings here are Saint Paul's Church, built in 1737; Public Library (12,000 volumes), Carnegie Library, City Hall, Custom House, Saint Vincent's Hospital, Protestant Hospital, Postoffice, Monticello Hotel, Atlantic Hotel, Norfolk Mission College; upward of 30 churches, an academy for young ladies, an institution for colored students, and there is a beautiful public park embracing 95 acres.

Government.- Under the revised and amended charter of 1884, Norfolk is governed by a mayor, elected every two years, and a city council, with two branches, select and common. The administrative officers elected by popular vote include the school trustees, city treasurer, attorney, street inspector, revenue commissioner, collector of taxes. The cost of maintenance for the city departments amounts to $600,000 annually; the principal items being interest on $60,000; street, sewer and drain department, debt, $175.000; fire department, $50,000; schools, $90,000; and police department, $73,000. The municipal waterworks were built in 1872 and cost $1,236,000. There are 60 miles of street mains in the system. In 1903 the assessed valuation of the city was $30,487,200.

The Naval Station.- Norfolk is 8 miles distant from Hampton Roads and 17 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. Norfolk and Portsmouth, on the opposite side of the Elizabeth River, constitute the largest naval station in the United States. The Norfolk navy yard is located at Portsmouth. The coaling station here handles over 2,500,000 tons annually. The harbor is commodious, accessible for the largest warships

Customs.-There is a United States Customs District here, embracing both Norfolk and Portsmouth. The foreign trade in 1900 was represented by imports valued at $318,401 and by exports to the amount of $11,505,000; in 1901 the imports were $594,000; exports $10,308,000; 1902 imports $501,501; exports $7,119,243; 1903, exports $9,297,482; imports 1903, $516,603.

Trade and Commerce.- Norfolk is the terminus of many steamship lines, transatlantic and coastwise, and has a large boat traffic with the interior by canal. It is already an important commercial centre and is growing rapidly in this direction. The commerce of the port includes lumber, coal, grain, cotton, peanuts, oysters, fruit and vegetables. It is the leading peanut market of the world, is the fourth cotton port of the United States, with a business of 600,000 bales annually; an oyster trade of $2,500,000 and a trucking business of $6,000,000. Norfolk has 2 national banks, 6 state banks, chamber of commerce, board of trade, cotton exchange, real estate exchange. The Union stock yard here has an annual business of $2,500,000.

Manufactures. Many large manufactories were established here in 1901, 1902 and 1903. In 1900 the manufactures represented capital to the amount of $6,425,000, with a production valued at $9,397,000. The industries include cotton knitting-mills, cotton compress-mills, fertilizer factories, ship yards, tobacco and cigar factories, iron foundries, machine shops, steel works, carriage and wagon shops, lumber mills, silk mills, barrel, box and crate factories, brick yards, breweries, bottling works, grain elevators, electric supply works and numerous minor concerns. There are gas and electric light plants here, an electric traction system and daily and weekly newspapers.

History. The town of Norfolk was first settled in 1680. It was bombarded and nearly destroyed by the British under Lord Dunmore, 1 Jan. 1776. In 1736 the town was incorporated as a borough and was chartered as a city in 1845. The city suffered severely in 1855 from an epidemic of yellow fever. During the Civil War, in April 1861, General Taliaferro entered the city with a large body of Virginia troops. In May 1862, the Federal army took possession of the city and during the interval from April 1861 to May 1862 the city was the chief Confederate naval station.

Population. In 1860 Norfolk had a population of 14,620; (1880) 21,966; (1890) 34.871; (1900) 46,624. Est. pop. (1904) 55,000. The three cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth and Berkley, which practically form one municipality, have an aggregate population, within a radius of three miles, of 118,000 in 1904.

Bibliography.- Burton, 'History of Norfolk' (1877); Forrest, 'Historical and Descriptive Sketches of Norfolk and Vicinity) (1853); Lamb. Our Twin Cities of the 19th Century) (1888). Secretary Chamber of Commerce, Norfolk, Va.

W. H. LUMSDEN,

rising in Mount Pitt to a height of over 1,000 feet. The climate is healthful, and the soil fertile and well watered; distinctive features of its flora are the Norfolk Island pine, growing to a height of 200 feet, and the Norfolk Island cabbage, a dwarf pine. Norfolk Island was discovered by Cook in 1774. Between 1788 and 1805, and again between 1826 and 1855, it was a penal settlement for convicts sent from New South Wales. In 1856 many of the inhabitants of Pitcairn Island (q.v.) were transferred hither by the British government. The people govern themselves, under the superintendence of the government of New South Wales, but are indolent, and, owing to intermarriage, a decaying race; they fish, farm, and supply provisions to passing vessels. Pop. (1895) 882.

Norfolk Island Pine. See ARAUCARIA.
Norfolk Spaniel. See SPANIEL.

No'ria, a hydraulic machine used in Spain, Syria, Egypt, and other countries for raising water. It consists of a water-wheel with revolving buckets or earthen pitchers, but its modes of construction and operation are various. As used in Egypt it is known as the sakieh. These machines are generally worked by animal power, though in some countries they are driven by the

current of a stream.

Normal, nôr'mal, Ill., city in McLean County; at the junction of the Chicago & A. and the Illinois Central R.R.'s; two miles northeast of Bloomington and about 60 miles northeast of Springfield. It was settled about 1840, incorporated in 1850, and chartered as a city in 1867. It is in a productive agricultural region in which considerable attention is given to the cultivation of fruit and nursery stock and to the raising of Norman and French draft horses. It has canning factories, novelty works, and a large trade in farm products, nursery stock, and horses. It is the seat of the Illinois State Normal University and the Illinois Soldiers' Orphans' Home. It has five churches, graded schools, and a library. The bank has a capital of $100,000. The government is administered under special charter and is vested in a president and a council of five members, all elected annually. Pop. (1890) 3,459; (1900) 3,795. B. H. MCCANN, Editor The Advocate.

Normal College of the City of New York, founded in 1869, for the training of teachers. The first attempt in New York city to provide public means for teachers to procure professional training was in 1856, when a daily normal school was established, which remained in existence only three years. This was followed by the Saturday Normal School, which proved a source of inspiration to the teachers, and made them strong advocates for more thorough professional work. In 1869 the Normal and High School for young women was established by the Board of Education; in 1870 the name

was