schools in accordance with the provisions of this code, the estimated expenses for maintaining such intermediate school course. [Amendment approved May 29, 1917; Stats. 1917, p. 1328.]

§ 1750b. Junior college courses. Regulations. Requirements for graduation. Courses of study. Attendance included in average daily attendance of district. Included in estimate for apportioning fund. Approval of courses by state board of education. The high school board of any high school district having an assessed valuation of three million dollars or more, may prescribe junior college courses of study, including not more than two years of work, and admit thereto the graduates of such high school, the graduates of other high schools and such other candidates for admission who are at least twenty-one years of age, and are recommended for admission by the principal of the high school maintaining such junior college courses. Junior college courses of study may include such studies as are required for the junior certificate at the University of California, and such other courses of training in the mechanical and industrial arts, household economy, agriculture, civic education and commerce as the high school board may deem it advisable to establish.

The high school board shall adopt regulations governing the organization of such courses of study and shall prescribe requirements for graduation from such courses; provided, that the minimum requirement for graduation from junior college courses of study shall be at least sixty eredit-hours of work. A credit-hour is hereby defined as approximately three hours of recitation, study and laboratory work per week carried through one-half year.

Courses of study organized under the provisions of this section may be offered in any or all day and evening high schools of the district, or in a separate junior college, as the high school board may determine. The attendance of students enrolled in junior college courses of study shall be kept according to regulations prescribed by the state board of education, and the average daily attendance of such students shall be included in the annual report of the average daily attendance of the high school district required in section one thousand seven hundred forty-three of the Political Code. The superintendent of schools of each county, in making the annual estimate of county high school fund required, shall include in the basis of such estimate the average daily attendance of all students enrolled in junior college courses during the preceding school year. In apportioning the county high school fund, the superintendent of schools of the county shall count the average daily attendance of all students enrolled in junior college courses as a part of the average daily attendance of each high school district in which such students are enrolled.

The state controller, in making the annual estimate of the amount necessary for the support of high schools, as required in section one thousand seven hundred sixty of the Political Code, shall include in the basis of his estimate, the average daily attendance of all students enrolled in junior college courses, and the superintendent of public instruction, in apportioning the state high school fund, shall count the average daily attendance of students enrolled in junior college courses as a part of the average daily attendance of each high school district in which such students are enrolled.

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All courses of study prescribed in accordance with this section shall be subject to approval by the state board of education, and no state high school funds shall be apportioned to any high school district on account of the attendance of students enrolled in junior college courses, unless such courses have been approved by the state board of education. [New section added May 14, 1917; Stats. 1917, p. 464.]

§ 1750c. Special day and evening classes. Vocational courses. Transportation for teachers of agriculture. The high school board of any high school district subject to the provisions of section one thousand seven hundred fifty of this code, shall have power to establish and maintain, in connection with any day high school under its jurisdiction, special day and evening classes for the purpose of giving instruction in any of the branches of study that may be taught in a high school. These classes may be convened at such hours and for such length of time during the school day or evening, and at such period and for such length of time during the school year as may be determined by said governing authority; and the enrollment of and attendance upon such classes shall be kept separately and the units of average daily attendance shall be determined as provided in section one thousand eight hundred fifty-eight of this code, and shall be added to the high school attendance of the district.

The high school board of any high school district subject to the provisions of section one thousand seven hundred fifty of this code shall have power to establish and maintain, in connection with any high school under its jurisdiction, part-time vocational courses in agricultural, commercial, industrial, trade or other vocational subjects. The enrollment of and attendance upon such courses shall be kept separately and the units of average daily attendance, determined as provided in section one thousand eight hundred fifty-eight of this code, shall be added to the high school attendance of the district; provided, that each pupil of a class pursuing such a part-time course in agriculture shall devote, under the direct supervision of a teacher holding a special certificate in agriculture or a vocational certificate in agriculture, at least three hours daily or an equivalent amount of time to farm mechanics and to farm project work conducted by him on a commercially productive basis, and at least three hours daily or an equivalent amount of time to academie work in school or in class, a part of which shall supplement the practical work; and provided, further, that each pupil of a class pursuing a part-time course in commerce, industry, trade, or other vocational subject shall devote, under the direct supervision of a competent teacher holding a vocational certificate in the special subject, at least three hours daily or an equivalent amount of time to educative practical work under employment and at least three hours daily or an equivalent amount of time in school or class to academic work, a part of which shall supplement the practical work. The high school board of any high school district maintaining a part-time agricultural course as provided above may, at its option and in such manner as it may deem advisable, furnish the necessary transportation for teachers of agriculture engaged in supervising the project work of the pupils and may pay any expense so incurred from the county or district high school funds of the district. [Amendment approved May 31, 1917; Stats. 1917, p. 1382.]

§ 1771. Powers of county boards of education. County boards of education have power:

1. To adopt rules and regulations, not inconsistent with the laws of this state, for their own government.

2. To prescribe and enforce rules for the examination of teachers, to examine applicants for elementary school certificates and to establish a standard of proficiency which will entitle the person examined to a certificate.

3. To grant, in accordance with sections one thousand seven hundred seventy-two and one thousand seven hundred seventy-five of this code, the following certificates, renewable at the option of the board:

(a) Secondary school. Secondary school certificates, authorizing the holders to teach in any secondary or elementary school in the county. (b) Elementary school. Elementary school certificates authorizing the holders to teach in any elementary school of the county, and in the first two years of any intermediate school course established as provided in section one thousand seven hundred fifty a of the Political Code; provided, that holders of elementary school certificates who have completed two years of work in a college, or one year of work in a college in addition to a normal school course, or one year of post graduate study in a California state normal school in addition to a normal school course, under regulations prescribed by the state board of education, may teach in the third year of any intermediate school course.

(e) Kindergarten primary. Kindergarten primary certificates, authorizing the holders to teach in any kindergarten class in the county.

(d) Special. Special certificates, authorizing the holders to teach in the schools of the county such branch or branches of learning and in such grades as are named in such certificates. No special certificate shall be granted except for the oral teaching of the deaf or for teaching of the blind or for the teaching of atypical children or for the teaching of special classes in citizenship, or for teaching a subject included under the manual and fine arts, oral and dramatic expression, library craft, technique and use, music, physical education, agriculture, commercial branches, French, Spanish, or any other modern language useful in trade or commerce, vocational guidance and technical, household and industrial arts, and other vocational arts, not herein specified.

(e) Special. Special certificates authorizing the holders to supervise health and development work in the public schools or to perform the duties of attendance officer may be issued.

4. Grant permanent certificates. To grant, in accordance with the provisions of this code, permanent certificates of the grade and kind designated therein. Every certificate except a permanent certificate shall be valid for six years; provided, that when any certificate shall be granted on a recommendation or credential given for a limited period only, such certificate shall not be valid for a longer period than that specified in such recommendation or credential; and provided, further, that any certificate granted to a candidate who has not had at least one year of experience in teaching shall not be valid for a longer period than two years. All certificates must be issued upon blank forms prepared by the

superintendent of public instruction, and must have the impress of the seal of the county board of education and be signed by a majority of the members of the county board of education issuing such certificate.

5. Adopt list of books. To adopt a list of books and apparatus for district school libraries and books for supplementary use in elementary schools in their respective counties and cities and counties, as required by section one thousand seven hundred twelve of the Political Code; provided, that no pupil shall be required to purchase said supplementary books, and pupils must be expressly notified by teachers that it is not required or desirable that such books for supplementary use be purchased by pupils or parents. When supplementary books are purchased, they must be paid for by the school district. Except in cities having a city board of education, to prescribe and enforce in the public schools a course of study and the use of a uniform series of text-books.

6. Revoke or suspend certificates. To revoke or suspend, for immoral or unprofessional conduct, evident unfitness for teaching, or persistent defiance of, and refusal to obey the laws regulating the duties of teachers, the certificates granted by them. But no certificate shall be revoked or suspended until after a hearing before the county board of education, and then only upon the affirmative vote of at least four members of the board. All charges of immoral or unprofessional conduct, of evident unfitness for teaching, or persistent defiance of, and refusal to obey the laws regulating the duties of teachers, shall be presented to the board in writing and shall be verified under oath. Notice of the time of hearing and a full and complete copy of the charges shall be furnished to the accused at least ten days before the hearing. The accused shall be given a fair and impartial hearing and shall have the right to be represented by counsel. The hearing shall be governed by, and conducted under, the rules of the board.

7. Records. To keep a record of their proceedings.

8. Issue diplomas. To provide for the conferring of diplomas of graduation, by examination and to issue such diplomas of graduation from the elementary schools of the county except city schools governed by city boards of education; provided, that nothing herein shall be construed as prohibiting the county board of education from issuing diplomas of graduation without examination to the pupils in any school which has been accredited by the said county board of education. Such diplomas shall be conferred only upon such pupils as have completed the course of study prescribed by the board. All diplomas granted by the county board of education shall be on blanks furnished by the superintendent of public instruction and shall be signed by the president and secretary of the board.

9. Seal. To adopt and use in authentication of their acts, au official seal, and to have such printing done as may be necessary.

10. Prescribe course of study. To prescribe and it shall be their duty to prescribe, on or before the first day of July of each year, the course of study in and for each grade of the elementary schools of the county for the ensuing school year; provided, that such course of study shall not apply to elementary schools in cities governed by city boards of educa

tion. Whenever necessary the board may amend and change the course of study, subject to section one thousand six hundred sixty-five of this code. [Amendment approved May 10, 1919; Stats. 1919, p. 454.].

This section was also amended in 1917. See Stats. 1917, p. 1315.

§ 1775. Certificates without examination. 1. County boards of education may, without examination grant certificates as follows:

(a) High school. High school certificates: (1) To the holders of high school credentials approved by the state board of education in accordance with the provisions of this code; (2) to the holders of special credentials issued by said state board in accordance with the provisions of this code; (3) to holders of high school certificates issued by any county or city and county board of education in this state.

(b) Elementary school. Elementary school certificates: To holders of the following credentials: (1) Life diplomas or certificates of any state; provided, the state board of education in this state shall have decided that said diplomas or certificates represent experience and scholarship equivalent to the requirements for the elementary life diploma in California. (2) California state normal school diplomas, San Francisco city normal school diplomas heretofore granted, and other normal school diplomas; provided, that the state board of education of this state shall have accredited the normal school issuing said diploma as being of equal rank with the state normal schools of California. (3) Diplomas of graduation with the bachelor's degree based upon a four-year course, granted by the University of California or any other university accredited by the state board of education for high school certification; provided, that the holder thereof has successfully completed eight months of experience in teaching, or twelve units of pedagogy according to regulations prescribed by the state board of education. (4) Holders of state board credentials of elementary grade issued by the state board of education in accordance with law. (5) To holders of valid elementary school teachers' certificates of any county, or city and county of California; provided, that the holder thereof has had eight months of successful teaching experience.

(e) Kindergarten primary. Kindergarten primary certificates: (1) To the holders of kindergarten primary certificates of any county, or city and county of California; (2) to the holders of diplomas of graduation from the kindergarten department of any state normal school in the state; (3) to the holders of credentials showing that the applicant has had professional kindergarten training in an institution approved by the state board of education and also a general education equivalent to the requirements of graduation from the kindergarten department of a California state normal school; (4) to the holders of kindergarten credentials issued by the state board of education in accordance with the provisions of this code.

(d) Special. Special certificates: (1) To the holders of credentials approved by the state board of education, in accordance with the provisions of this code; (2) to the holders of special credentials issued by the state board of education, in accordance with the provisions of this code.