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CHAPTER VII
AGRICULTURE, SLAVERY, AND INTERNAL TRADE, 1783–1808
I. AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH
A. Effect of the Revolution on Agriculture, 1783–1789. By Phineas
Bond..
B. Agriculture in the United States, 1792. By Tench Coxe..
II. AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH
A. Agriculture in Virginia, 1787. By George Washington....
B. Farming in Maryland and Virginia, 1788. By Brissot de Warville..
C. Care of Live Stock, 1794. By George Washington.
D. History of Cotton Growing, 1775-1795. By David Ramsay.
E. Invention of the Cotton Gin, 1793. By Eli Whitney.
219
220
221
222
223
224
L
225
-
F. Effect of the Cotton Gin upon Export of Cotton, 1791-1811. By
Adam Seybert....
227
G. Agriculture in the Carolinas and Georgia, 1802. By F. A. Michaux 228
III. SLAVERY
A. Poor Whites and Slaves in Virginia, 1780. By the Marquis de
Chastellux.....
B. Decline of Slavery, 1788. By Brissot de Warville.
229
231
C. Slavery in the South, 1795. By Isaac Weld, Junior.
232
IV. PIONEERING AND AGRICULTURE IN THE WEST
A. Land the Lodestone to the West, 1772-1774. By Jos. Doddridge...
B. Pioneering in Kentucky, 1780-1790. By G. Imlay.
C. Live-stock Farming in Ohio, 1806. By Thomas Ashe....
234
236
V. PUBLIC LANDS
A. Democratic Land Holding, 1795. By Isaac Weld, Junior.
B. Speculation in Public Lands, 1806. By Thomas Ashe.
C. Sale of Public Lands, 1796-1816. By Timothy Pitkin..
237
239
VI. INTERNAL TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION
A. By Stage from Boston to Savannah, 1802. By F. A. Michaux....
B. Traveling by Wagon, 1806. By John Lambert.
240
C. Bad Roads in 1810. By Margaret Van Horn Dwight.
241
D. Traveling from the East to Kentucky, 1793. By G. Imlay.
E. Trade down the Mississippi River, 1795. By Isaac Weld, Junior..
244
F. Trade along the Western Rivers, 1802. By F. A. Michaux..
G. Trade at Pittsburg, 1803. By T. M. Harris...
H. Character of Western Trade, 1806. By Thomas Ashe..
246
I. The Peddler as a Distributor of Goods, 1797. By Timothy Dwight..
J. The Invention of the Steamboat, 1807. By Robert Fulton.
249
250
CHAPTER VIII
INTRODUCTION OF MANUFACTURES AND CONDITION OF THE
I. MANUFACTURES
PEOPLE, 1775-1816
A. Little Manufacturing for Sale, 1775. By the author of American
Husbandry.
252
B. Obstacles to Manufactures, 1776. By Dean Josiah Tucker.
C. Manufactures after the Revolution, 1788. By Brissot de Warville... 253
D. Manufactures before 1789. By Phineas Bond...
255
256
257
266
267
By John
268
E. A Petition for Protection, 1789. From Annals of Congress.
✔F. Report on Manufactures, 1791. By Alexander Hamilton..
G. Progress of Manufactures, 1793.
H. Decline of Manufactures, 1795.
I. Domestic Manufactures in the
Lambert..
II. CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE
By Tench Coxe.
By W. Winterbotham..
Back Country, 1807.
A. American Characteristics, 1816. By John Bristed.
B. Wages and Cost of Living, 1802. By F. A. Michaux.
C. Unwholesome Dietary, 1797. By C. F. Volney.
D. Intemperance, 1802. By F. A. Michaux..
I. GENERAL VIEW OF MANUFACTURES, 1810-1860
A. Gallatin's Report on Manufactures, 1810. From American State
Papers...
B. Leading Manufactures in 1840.
C. View of Manufactures in 1860.
II. PROGRESS OF COTTON MANUFACTURES, 1806-1860
A. Cotton Manufactures in Massachusetts, 1806. By John Melish....
B. State of Cotton Manufactures in 1816. From Annals of Congress
C. Historical Sketch of Cotton Manufactures before 1831. By Thomas
P. Kettell..
285
286
287
D. A View of Cotton Manufactures in 1860. From Eighth Census .
291
III. THE WOOLEN INDUSTRY, 1811-1860
A. Woolen Cloth for Army Uniforms, 1811.
B. Early Agitation for Sheep Raising, 1811.
C. State of the Woolen Industry in 1816. From Annals of Congress..
D. The Woolen Industry in 1860. From Eighth Census...
IV. DEVELOPMENT OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY.
View in 1860. From Eighth Census..
V. THE LEATHER INDUSTRY
297
Development during the Decade 1850-1860. From Eighth Census ... 300
VI. THE BOSTON SHOE TRADE
Extent and Value of Shipments in 1859. From Hunt's Merchants'
Magazine...
VII. MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURES
Extent, Variety, and Value in 1860. From Eighth Census.....
CHAPTER X
302
303
THE TARIFF, 1808-1860
✔ I. ENCOURAGEMENT TO MANUFACTURES
Gallatin's Plans, 1810. From American State Papers....
309
II. NEED OF PROTECTION
Recommendation of President Madison, 1815. By James Madison.... 310
B. A New Englander's Views on Protection. By Daniel Webster..
C. A Southern View on the Tariff. By George McDuffie...
316
320
V. FREE TRADE ARGUMENTS
Memorial on Free Trade, 1831. By Albert Gallatin .
321
VI. THE TARIFF AND SECTIONALISM
A View of the Situation, 1824-1833. By Thomas H. Benton......
323
VII. A TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF CONFLICTING INTERESTS
The Compromise Tariff of 1833. By Henry Clay.
326
VIII. REACTION FROM PROTECTION
Arguments for Lower Duties on Imports, 1845. By Robert J. Walker
327
IX. ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
The Case Stated, 1849. By Henry C. Carey..
333
CHAPTER XI
THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT, 1817-1860
I. THE EFFECT ON THE PEOPLE OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION
An Explanation of American Characteristics, 1843. From Hunt's Mer-
chants' Magazine....
II. ADVICE TO EMIGRANTS
A. Foreign Immigration and the Westward Movement, 1816. By
John Melish...
338
342
B. Opportunities in the West, 1817. By Morris Birkbeck.
C. Routes to the West, 1837. By J. M. Peck..
By H. B. Fearon.
D. Modes of Traveling, 1818.
III. MOVING WESTWARD
A. Down the Ohio River, 1820. By James Hall...
B. Travel by Land, 1817. By Morris Birkbeck.
C. Spirit of the Emigrant, 1820. By James Hall..
D. On the National Road, 1840. By J. S. Buckingham..
IV. FRONTIER CLASSES OF POPULATION
The Restlessness of the Frontiersman, 1837. By J. M. Peck...
V. ACTIVITIES OF THE WESTERN COUNTRY
Manufactures and Agriculture, 1832. By Timothy Flint.
347
349
350
352
353
355
356
357
VI. IN THE NEW COUNTRY
Timothy Flint..
A. Localing and Building a Home, 1832. By Timothy Flint..
B. Effect of the New Home on the Character of the Emigrant, 1832. By
360
366
VII. STAGES OF SETTLEMENT
The Frontier Line, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860. From Tenth Census..
369
CHAPTER XII
INLAND COMMERCE AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS, 1816-1860
I. STAGE COACH TRAVEL
A. Traveling by Stage Coach in Virginia, 1835. By C. A. Murray 376
B. Plight of a Traveler in the South, 1835. By Harriet Martineau..
II. EARLY NAVIGATION OF THE WESTERN RIVERS
Primitive Methods, 1832. By Timothy Flint..
III. EFFECTS OF THE STEAMBOAT ON INLAND COMMERCE
377
379
Changes in Rates and Speed, 1816-1856. By Thomas P. Kettell...... 381
IV. FEDERAL AID FOR INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS
A. Internal Improvements and the National Defense, 1819. By John
C. Calhoun...
B. Veto of the Maysville Road Bill, 1830. By Andrew Jackson..
385
388
V. EFFECTS OF THE ERIE CANAL
Development of Internal Improvements in the West, 1825-1850. By H.
V. Poor..
VI. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF RAILROADS
Location and Construction, 1826-1850. By Thomas P. Kettell.....
B. Arguments for Canals in 1830. From Congressional Committee
Report.....
C. Canals and Railroads - Rates and Expense of Maintenance, 1835.
From Assembly (N. Y.) Documents..
400
401
A. Character and Extent of Foreign Commerce, 1800-1860. By Thomas
413
B. Commerce and Legislation, 1806-1854. By J. S. Homans.....
418
II. FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH COMPARED
A. Predominance of the South in the Export Trade, 1800-1850. By
Ezra C. Seaman..........
421
B. Small Import Trade of the South in 1855. By Thomas H. Benton.. 422
III. MOVEMENT OF FOREIGN COMMERCE
Balance of Trade, 1821-1850. By Ezra C. Seaman..
424
IV. OCEAN STEAM NAVIGATION
Development between 1818 and 1840. From Hunt's Merchants'
Magazine..
427
V. THE CARRYING TRADE
The Use of American and Foreign Vessels, 1821-1860. From Report
of Commissioner of Navigation..
432
VI. THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF IMPORTANT PORTS
A. Foreign Commerce of the City of New York in 1859. From Annual
Report of the Chamber of Commerce.
433
B. Foreign Trade of Boston from 1845 to 1859. From Annual Report
of the Boston Board of Trade..
435
C. A View of the New Orleans Levee in 1839. By J. S. Buckingham 436
VII. IMPORTANT EXPORT CROPS
A. Exportation of Cotton for Various Years from 1821 to 1860. From
Treasury Report..
B. American Wheat and the World Crop 1846-1860. From Hunt's
Merchants' Magazine...
C. Exportation of Indian Corn, 1820-1860. By Charles L. Flint......
438
442