The geographical distribution of manufactures throughout the United States appears by the following tables, as was to be expected, to be governed by very different forces from those which control the distribution of population or of agricultural industry. . . .

The following table presents for 1880 the proportions in which the several geographical groups contribute to the aggregate number of establishments, amount of capital invested, number of hands employed, amount of wages paid, and gross and net values of product:

Table II of the general statistical tables following [on page 743] distributes the aggregate of our manufacturing industries under 332 titles; of these the following show each a total production of $50,000,000 or over:

Some branches of manufacture are reported for every one of the 47 states and territories; such as blacksmithing, boot and shoe making, the manufacture of tinware, copperware, of sheet-iron ware, and saddlery and harness making. The making or repairing of carriages and the wheelwrighting trade appear in 46 states and territories. The making of bread and other bakery products and the manufacture of furniture are reported from 45 states and territories. Forty-four states and territories return founderies and machine-shops.

It is significant of the habits of the people that while the production of men's clothing in distinct establishments is reported in 43 states and territories, that of women's clothing is reported from only 25, domestic manufacture or custom dress-making taking the place of the shop or factory in supplying this demand in 22 states or territories. The other industries which are reported in as many as 43 states and territories are the manufacture of tobacco or cigars and

Industry

Number of establishments

Value

of

product

Flouring and grist-mill products..

Slaughtering and meat-packing, not including retail

Boots and shoes, including custom work and repairing.

the manufacture of confectionery. The distinct manufacture of brooms and brushes is reported from 36 states and territories, and that of mattresses and spring beds from 35.

So much for the wide territorial diffusion of common industries, many of them of a petty character. . . . Of the greater industries, some are widely spread; others intensely concentrated. The greatest of all is the flour and grist-mill industry, aggregating a product of $505,185,712. Of this about one-half is produced by the six states of New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Ohio, and Missouri, while yet not less than 24 states produce above $4,000,000 each. This industry involves the consumption of 304,775,737 bushels of wheat and 234,907,220 bushels of other grain, with an aggregate value of all materials reaching $441,545,225.

The next of the great industries is also connected with the supply of

1 Includes carpets, other than rag; felt goods; hosiery and knit goods; wool hats; woolen goods and worsted goods.

2 Includes furniture, chairs.

food, viz. slaughtering and meat-packing, which yields an aggregate product of $303,562,413. The concentration of this interest is startling, the single state of Illinois contributing almost one-third of the whole, the single city of Chicago producing $85,324,371. Of the other states, New York follows at a long distance with $43,096,138; Massachusetts, with $22,951,782; New Jersey, with $20,719,640; Ohio, with $19,231,297; Indiana, with $15,209,204; Missouri, with $14,628,630. . . .

Ranking next in order of gross value of product comes the manufacture of iron and steel, with an aggregate of $296,557,685, of which Pennsylvania alone produces $145,576,268. Ohio is the next state as an iron producer, with $34,918,360, or less than one-fourth the product of Pennsylvania. New York, with $22,219,219; Illinois, with $20,545,289; New Jersey, with $10,341,896, and Massachusetts, with $10,288,921, are the only other states rising above ten millions. There are seven other states showing a product of between $10,000,000 and $4,000,000, and six showing between $4,000,000 and $1,000,000. The aggregate value assigned to the product of the iron and steel manufacture is distributed among the principal different classes of works as follows:

Certain industries, not of the highest yet of very considerable importance as to aggregate value of product, are noticeable for their rapid extension at the west. These are furniture, with a product of $77,845,725; agricultural implements, $68,640,486; carriages and wagons, $64,951,617; distilled liquors, $41,063,663. ...

C. Manufactures, 1850-19101

The growing industrialization of the United States in the half century since the Civil War is clearly shown by the marvelous increase in the manufacturing industries of the country as indicated in the following table.

The statistics of manufactures secured at the decennial censuses from 1850 to 1900, inclusive, covered the neighborhood, hand, and building industries, as well as the factory industries, while the reports for 1904 and 1909 were confined to factory industries.

1 Thirteenth Census of the United States, Taken in the Year 1910. Volume VIII: Manufactures (Washington, 1913), 33, 37, 48, 56, 83.

123,025 $533,245,000 957,059 $236,755,000 $555,124,000 $1,019,107,000 $463,983,000
140,433 1,009,856,000 1,311,246 378,879,000 1,031,605,000 1,885,862,000 854,257,000

The present report on manufactures distinguishes 264 industries, although for certain purposes some of these are subdivided into two or more branches. . .

...

There are three industries which in 1909 reported a value of products exceeding a billion dollars, namely, the slaughtering and meatpacking, foundry and machine-shop, and lumber industries. There are six others whose products exceeded half a billion dollars in value, namely, the steel works and rolling mills, the flour-mill and gristmill industry, printing and publishing, and the manufacture of cotton goods, of men's clothing, and of boots and shoes.

The five leading states in respect to value of manufactured products in 1909 were New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Massachusetts, and Ohio. These states together contained 33.2 per cent, or about onethird, of the total population of the United States in 1910, but reported 51.1 per cent of the total number of wage earners in manufacturing industries in 1909, 52.5 per cent of the value of manufactured products, and 53.8 per cent of the value added by manufacture, or a little more than one-half in each case. . . .

New York decidedly outranks any other city in manufacturing, although in proportion to its population its manufacturing interests are relatively less important than in a considerable number of other cities. Nearly one-tenth of the total value of manufactured products for the United States in 1909 was reported from New York City. As judged by the value of products, Chicago ranked second among the manufacturing cities in 1909, followed by Philadelphia, St. Louis, Cleveland, Detroit, Pittsburgh, Boston, Buffalo, Milwaukee, and Newark, in the order named. Each of the 11 cities just named produced in 1909 manufactured products valued at more than $200,000,000.

D. Rank of the United States as a Manufacturer of Cotton,

1830-19051

As representative manufacturing industries in this country, the cotton and the iron and steel industries have been selected for more detailed description, and the following six extracts trace their development somewhat more fully. The importance of the textile industry in the United States is best shown by comparing it with those of other countries. Judged by number of spindles or value of product the United States ranks second in the manufacture of cotton.

It is comparatively easy to ascertain the relative rank of the countries in the manufacture of cotton. Two methods may be followed,

1 Census of Manufactures: 1905. Textiles, Bulletin 74 (Washington, 1907), 21-2.