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Flanders, and Germany, during the first three quarters of the fifteenth century. BLOCK, stereotype (printing).-Either the plate or cast. French, cliché; German, Gussabdruck; klatschabdruck; abguss; abgegossenes bild.-TOLHAUSEN.

BLOTTING PAPER (paper).-French, papier brouillard; German, löschpapier; Italian, carta sciuga and carta-sugante; Latin, charta bibula. A kind of paper, as its name implies, used for absorbing blots or freshly-written ink. It seems to have been in use about the middle of the seventh century.— Notes and Queries, 2d Series, Vol. Iv, p. 497.

BOARDS (binding). - French, cartone; German, steifband, buchbinderbrett. When the back is covered with paper or cloth, a book is said to be in boards.-HANNETT.

in (binding).-When the edges of the book are cut out, after the boards have been laid on.-HANNETT.

out of (binding).—When the edges are cut first.-Ib. BOOK (Anglo Saxon, boc).-For contractions used by English, French, and German booksellers in describing, see Miscellaneous, Art. Books.

BOOKS, (sizes of).—For the various terms, with their contractions, used for the designating of books in English, French, and German, see Miscellaneous, Art. Books.*

UNCUT (books). A book, the top, fore-edge, and bottom, which has not been pruned by the binder's knife, that often despoils a work of its fair and ample marginal proportions. The book may or may not have been cut open for reading; it is still uncut" in the proper trade sense.-H. YOUNG, in the Athenæum, Oct. 20, 1866.

BOSSES (binding).—The plates of metal attached to the sides of large volumes, for their greater preservation.-Hannett. BOTTOM (printing).-French, bas d'une page; German, Ende einer seite; foot of a page.—TOLHAUSEN.

BOTTOM LINE (typography).—French, Ligne inférieure (d'une lettre); German, Grundlinie. The last line of the page preceding the catch-line.

* For the sizes of books not mentioned in this part, see further, Miscellaneous.

BOURGEOIS (typography).

French, La Gaillarde (deux Parisienne); German, Bourgeois; Dutch, Bourgeois; Italian, Gagliarda. A type, the name of which probably came from France. In size it ranks after Long Primer. This paragraph is printed in Bourgeois. BOUSTROPHEDON (-ym-ism). (bibliography).-The real name written backwards, as John Dralloc (Collard).-O. H. Also an ancient method of writing among the Greeks, in which one line was written from left to right, the next from right to left, and so on alternately.-BOAG.

BOUTS RIMES (from the French bout, end).-In English, crambo. Lines written to given endings, said to have been invented by one Dulot, " perhaps at the time no other single absurdity ever had so great a vogue." Campbell is said to have written his poem of Lochiel in this manner. For further account, see WHEATLEY'S Of Anagrams, pp. 39-42.

BRACE (typography).—French, Accolade; German, klammer verbbindungzug. A character cut in metal, thus

BRACHYGRAPHY.-Greek, brachus, short; graphe, a writing. The art or practice of writing with contractions. This writing was of eight different kinds: 1. By signs; 2. By contractions; 3. By Suspension; 4. By abbreviative signs; 5. By small letters placed above; 6. By abbreviated letters; 7. By monographic or encircled letters; 8. By particular signs.— CHASSANT, p. xvii.

BREVIER (typography).—

French, Petit Texte; German, petit, Jungfer (i. e., maiden letter) Garmond, Garmondschrift, Kleine Teufelsschrift, Jungfer antiqua; Dutch, Brevier; Italian, Piccolo testo. A type so called from its first being used in printing Breviaries. Now used for small works and foot notes.

BRISTOL BOARD.-See Miscellaneous, Art. PAPER.

BROADSIDE (printing).-French, Inplano; German, Bogenform. A form of one full page, printed on one side of a whole sheet of paper.

CALF (binding).— French, veau; German, leder, franzband. Books bound in calf-skin variously prepared (rough or plained), as grained, marbled, mottled, panelled, scored, sprinkled, stained, tree-marbled, in the various styles-plain, gilt, half extra, extra, super extra. Calf is mostly used for binding law books, generally in its undressed state, being durable and in

expensive; it is sometimes passed off for morocco or russia, but this sham ought not to be patronized. [This may be the fact in England, but in this country law books are always bound in sheep. We can appreciate the sham of the wolf in sheep's clothing, but cannot see how calf could be " passed off for morocco or russia."]—S.

CANCELS (binding).—French, Feuillet refait, Carton refait; German, Auswechselblatt, Andruck, Pressdeckelbogen. Leaves containing errors, which are to be cut out and replaced with others properly printed; generally supplied with the last sheet. -HANNETT.

CANON (typography).—

French,

Gros Canon,
Gros Romain;

German, Missal, Tertia, Grobe Canon, Kaiserschrift; Dutch,
Parys Romeyn; Italian, Canone. The largest type with a
specific name; larger sizes are called 4-, 5-, 6-, etc., line
Pica; in German, 4-, 5-, 6-, etc., Cicero.

CAPTION and SUB-HEAD.-American terms, to signify the words or expressions that stand above the chapters, sections, and paragraphs, for the purpose of indicating their

contents.

CARD BOARD.-See Miscellaneous, Art. PAPER.

CASE WORK (binding).—When the covers are prepared before placing on the volume.-HANNETT.

CATCH-WORD (typography).-French, réclame; German, custos. A term used by early printers for the word at the bottom of each page, under the last word of the last line, which word is the first at the top of the next page, now generally disused, but still to be found in Acts of Parliament, Parliamentary papers, the Quarterly Review, and a few other publications.

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CHAIN-STITCH (binding).-The stitch which the sewer makes at the head and tail of the volume previous to commencing another course.-HANNETT.

CHEMITYPHY.-A patented process, by means of which a
relief metallic printing surface is obtained, which can be worked
in an ordinary printing press. This process, which is com-
plicated, is described in the Abridgments of Specifications on Print-
ing, p. 32.

CHRONOGRAM (bibliography). - Greek, chronos, time, and
grammas, a letter; French, chronogramme. An inscription in
which a certain date or epoch is expressed by numeral letters,
common in old books and medals; as in the motto of a medal
struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632. "ChrIst Vs Du X
ergo trIV Mph Vss," the date being MDCXVVVII, or 1627;
and the English one on the death of Queen Elizabeth, "My
Day Is Closed In Immortality," the result being 1603, the
year in which she died.—BOAG. See Wheatley's Of Ana-
grams, p. 7.
CIRCUIT EDGES (binding).-Edges covered by flaps, princi-
pally used for Bibles and Prayer Books which are carried in
the pocket. They are sometimes called ribbon edges.

CLEAN PROOF (printing).—French, épreuve peu chargée;
German, reiner abzug. A proof of printed matter with but few

faults in it.

CLOTH (binding).-French, toile, percaline Anglaise ; German, leinwandband. The introduction of cloth for binding has been previously noticed; it is the article most generally used for the purpose at the present day; its advantages are cheapness and durability (if good), and its applicability for receiving ornamentation. The styles are varied, such as plain, printed, stamped, gilt, embossed, etc. [Technically, a book in cloth is not bound.-S.

COLLATE (bibliography).—French, conférer; German, kollationiren, revidiren. To compare, to examine whether two things of a similar kind agree or disagree.

COLLATING (binding).—Examining the sheets to see that the signatures properly follow.-HANNETT.

COLON.-Greek, kolon. A mark thus (:); used to mark a pause greater than that of a semicolon, but less than that of a period. -BOAG. See Miscellaneous, Art. PRINTERS' MARKS.

COLOPHON (bibliography).—“The conclusion of a book formerly containing the place or year, or both, of its publica tion." -WEBSTER. The derivation of this word is variously given in almost every dictionary-some (see Liddell and Scott, Scheller, Brande, and Encyclopædia Met., Vol. xvII, p. 28) are highly fanciful; Scapula and Suidas render the Greek word kolophon, apex, sui summa manus finis, which is probably the correct source. Abridgments of Specif. on Printing, p. 18.

CORNERS (binding). The pieces of leather pasted on the corners of half-bound books. In early times valuable books had metal corners.

CORRECTOR or READER (printing).-French, correcteur; German, korrektor, druckberichtiger. The person who reads and corrects the first proofs in a printing office.

CORRECTIONS (printing). The letters marked in a proof are called corrections. The "reader" corrects the proof, the

"compositor" corrects the form.

CRONOGRAM (bibliography).-Where the date is expressed by letters. In Lowndes' Bib. Manual this word (in both editions) is incorrectly spelt "Cronogam.”—O. H. See ante,

Chronogram.

CRYPTONYM (bibliography).-Hidden, subterfuge. Applied to authors who disguise or alter their names; but more particularly to those who disguise it by transposing the letters so as to form another name which is the anagram of the real name.—O. H. As Olphar Hamst, i. e., Ralph Thomas. CROPPING (binding).-The cutting down of a book near the print.-HANNETT.

CURSIVE CHARACTERS (printing).—French, cursive; Ger-
man, cursive.
A peculiar form of type invented and used by
Granjon, a printer at Lyons, in 1588, called formerly in French
Caractères de Civilité.

Το

DELE (printing).—French, déléatur; German, deleatur. blot out, to erase, to omit; a mark used in correcting proof, like the Greek leter d, put in the margin to show that certain letters or words marked in the line opposite are to be omitted.

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