Structural Botany: Or, Organography on the Basis of Morphology. To which is Added the Principles of Taxonomy and Phytography, and a Glossary of Botanical Terms, Volume 2, Part 1 |
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Common terms and phrases
abortion adnate æstivation alternate anthers apex arrangement atus axil axillary axis bark base bearing belong blade blossom botanists botany bractlets bracts branches calyx carpels cells chalaza character chorisis circle cluster coalescence coat common commonly compound corolla cotyledons Cruciferæ cyme DeCandolle dehiscence Diagram Dicotyledons Eichler embryo enlarged fertilization filaments fleshy floral flower foliage fruit genera genus Greek growth hilum imbricate inflorescence inner insertion internodes kind lateral Latin layer leaf leaflets leaves Linnæan Linnæus lobes margins Monocotyledons morphology nature normal organs osus outer ovary ovule pair pedicels peduncle perianth pericarp petals petiole phænogamous phyllotaxy pinnate pistil placenta plants pollen portion raceme radicle receptacle rhaphe root scales seed sepals separate side simple single sometimes species specimens spiral stamens stamens and pistils stem stigma structure style subtending surface suture symmetry terminal tion transverse trees tube upper vegetable Vertical section whole whorls woody
Popular passages
Page 317 - Species in biological natural history is a chain or series of organisms of which the links or component individuals are parent and offspring. Objectively, a species is the totality of beings which have come from one stock, in virtue of that most general fact that likeness is transmitted from parent to progeny. Among the many definitions, that of AL Jussicu is one of the briefest and best, since it expresses the fundamental conception of a species, ». e.
Page 84 - The Plant Is a Composite Being:, or Community, lasting, in the case of a tree, through an indefinite and often immense number of generations. These are successively produced, enjoy a term of existence, and perish in their turn. Life passes onward continually from the older to the ne,wer parts, and death follows, with equal step, at a narrow interval.
Page iii - This volume, on the Structural and Morphological Botany of Phaenogamous Plants, properly comes first. It should thoroughly equip a botanist for the scientific prosecution of Systematic Botany, and furnish needful preparation to those who proceed to the study of Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy, and to the wide and varied department of Cryptogamic Botany.
Page 125 - On this peculiar arithmetical property .... depends the geometrical one, of the spiral arrangement, which it represents ; namely, that such an arrangement would effect the most thorough and rapid distribution of the leaves around the stem, each new or higher leaf falling over the angular space between the two older ones which are nearest in direction, so as to subdivide it in the same ratio in which the first two, or any two successive ones, divide the circumference.
Page 242 - These flowers do not secrete nectar or emit any odor : from their small size, as well as from the corolla being rudimentary, they are singularly inconspicuous. Consequently, insects do not visit them ; nor, if they did, could they find an entrance. Such flowers are therefore invariably self-fertilized ; yet they produce an abundance of seed. In several cases, the young capsules bury themselves beneath the ground, and the seeds are there matured. These flowers are developed before, or after, or simultaneously...
Page 326 - This is the common framework of natural history classification. All plants and all animals belong to some species ; every species to some genus ; every genus to some order or family ; every order to some class ; every class to one or the other kingdom.1 But this framework, although all that is requisite in some parts of natural history, does not express all the observable gradations of relationship among species. And even gradations below species have sometimes to be classified. The series is capable...
Page 238 - In a state of nature the flowers are incessantly visited for their nectar by hiveand other bees, various Diptera and Lepidoptera.* The nectar is secreted all round the base of the ovarium; but a passage is formed along the upper and inner side of the flower by the lateral deflection (not represented in the diagram) of the basal portions of the filaments; so that insects invariably alight on the projecting stamens and pistil, and insert their proboscides along the upper and inner margin of the corolla....
Page 237 - ... five distinct sets of males. Two of the three hermaphrodites must coexist, and pollen must be carried by insects reciprocally from one to the other, in order that either of the two should be fully fertile ; but, unless all three forms coexist, two sets of stamens will be wasted, and the organization of the species as a whole will be incomplete. On the other hand, when all three hermaphrodites coexist, and pollen is carried from one to the other, the scheme is perfect : there is no waste of pollen...
Page 259 - Commonly the pollen remains unaltered until it is placed upon the stigma. The more or less viscid moisture of this incites a similar growth, and also doubtless nourishes it, and the protruding tube at once penetrates the stigma, and by gliding between its loose cells buries itself in the tissue of the style, descending thence to the interior of the ovary and at length to the ovules. Fertilization is accomplished by the action of this pollen upon the ovule, and upon a special formation within it.
Page 356 - ... with the adjective of another is not preserving either of them, but creates an absolutely new name, which ought not to stand unless the previous ones were vicious in themselves, or preoccupied, or referred to a wrong genus. It is probably from not perceiving the difference between making and changing a name that the practice objected to has been adopted by some of the first among recent botanists.