cases, the first character must be put in its proper position, as it is the fixed meaning of that character which gives the key of the outline. Thus, thb mean "it has been" and "to have been." For the first meaning the t must be written on the linethat position being the place for t when it represents "it." For the second meaning, the t must be written below the line, that position being the place for t when it represents "to." When, in a shorthand phrase, it is intended to represent "had" "her," or hers," d, r, or rs respectively must be added to the h (which would otherwise stand for "has " or " have," "him," "his,"), unless "had or "her" is the first word of the phrase, in which case the position or form of the h will determine its meaning. The following are some of the phrases which may be formed from the alphabetical characters :— 66 bh be his I, by him-his 3 about him-his I, but him-his, but has-have 2, bought him-his 3 by me, by some 3 for him-his 1, of him-his 2, if his 3 has been I, have been 2, had been 3 has him-his 1, have him-his 2, had him-his, had had 3 has had 1, have had 2 (hnb, hnh, hnhd, negative) can be 1, could be 2 can have I, could have 2 can have been 1, could have been 2 (knb, knh, knhb, negative) will be 2 will have 2 khb 1*b 1*h 1*hb will have been mb mh mhb nb nh nhb nw ph qw (l*nb, l*nh, l*nhb, negative) may be 1, must be 2, might be 3 may have 1, must have 2, might have 3 may have been 1, must have been 2, might have been 3 (mnb, mnh, mnhb, negative) not be 2 in him-his I, not have 2, on him-his 3 not have been 2 in which I, on which 3 acquainted with 3 th thb thnb w*b w*h as has-have been i as has-have I, is his 2, so has-have 3 as it is I, so it is 3 as much I, so much 3 as much as 1, so much as 3 it be-been 2, to be 3 at him-his 1, it has 2, to have, to him-his 3 it has been 2, to have been 3 it has not been 2 would be 2 which has-have I, would have, with him-his 2, when has-have 3 w*hb which has-have been 1, would have been 2, when has-have been, 3 wm w*m WW (w*nb, w*nh, w*nhb, negative) which may-my 1, when may-my 3 with me, with whom 2 which would 1, when would 3 w*w with which 2 you may have 2 ymsh you must have 2 ywb ywh (ymn, ymnb, ymsnb, ymnh, ymsnḥ, negative) you would be 2 you would have 2 (ywnb, ywnh, negative) chs shb shh shhb shhh thb thh thm thw thhb thhh thkb thkh much as 2, such as 3 shall be I, should be 2 shall have been 1, should have been 2 (shnb, shnh, shnhb, shnhh, negative) they have 1, that have 2, them have 3 they would 1, that would 2 they have been 1, that have been 2 they can have 1, that can have 2 thwb they would be 1, that would be 2 thwh they would have 1, that would have, that which has 2 (insert n where required for the negative phrase) along with I, lengthwise 3 ngw Where, in these phrases, sh and th are not in italics, the letters s and h, t and h must be written. 66 66 When, in combination, must follows a character, it should be written ms, as m stands for "may." Might should not be written in a phrase, except at the beginning. SYLLABLES. We have not yet done with the alphabetical characters, which may be made to represent a number of syllables. They do this, either when attached to or detached from the rest of the word. In the following list, syllables commencing words are in Roman letters; those coming in the body of, or at the end of, words, are in italics DETACHED. m represents dis, dom, ted represents fil, ful, fil, ful, form represents gen, ology, ological, gent, gence (add final y represents com, con, spect represents magni represents incom, incon, ness Р represents pro, pense, pensate, pensation represents quest r represents recog, recom, recon, pair, pare, shire, and any syllable (not commencing a word) formed of the letters shr or their equivalents. represents circum, super, sense, sent, ship dp represent dispro tion represents ortion, and follows the first character of a represents noncon represents irrecog, irrecom, irrecon Τ represents stract-ion, strict-ion, struct-ion A small circle represents self. 66 Observe. When a word ending in ble has only one character preceding that syllable, bl should be written, as in " arable," 'feeble," or the shorthand word will look like a word of two characters, as "rob " or "fob." When a looped character follows com, con, or dis, it is quite as well not to detach the k or d, unless the looped character represent a syllable, as in "dispense." If the disjoining of a character to express a syllable cause another character which does not represent a syllable to stand alone, as in " deform," the word is to be read with reference to the more important syllable. In d f, therefore, the d, necessarily disjoined, means "de," not "dis." When the use of the joined 1 for "less " would make a misleading outline, Is should 66 be written, or the 1 may be disjoined. Thus, careless must be distinguished from "cruel." The termination "ency " may be represented by the final y joined to n representing ence." INTERSECTIONS. 66 By striking one character through another, other syllables can be expressed. F. struck through a preceding consonant, repre"tive." K, struck through, represents "cal' "kl." sents 66 99 66 or N, struck through, represents stance," stancy,' ""stant." S, struck through, represents "serve" (except in the case of "deserve," for which see "Arbitraries." S, struck through d, would look like a cross, and would be misleading.) The following are some examples of this mode of contraction, which may also be used irregularly, care being taken that the arbitrary mearing does not clash with the syllabic meaning of the intersection. convict-ion legislative extravagance-nt magistrate (add y* for “ magistracy ") d through b absurd-ity k through j s through p philosophical fiscal 1, fickle 2, physical 3 classical 1, clerical 2, critical 3 in the course of constancy-nt circumstance (add 1 for "circumstantial") observe-ation provide, provision conserve-ation (add f for "conservative " |