Here we must be content with a bare catologue. Albertario, a very large number of short studies, using the advanced interpolation method. Too scattered to catalogue.

Appleton, Le terme certain et incertain en droit romain et moderne (Rev. gén. de droit, 1926, 154. Rev. Collinet, RH. 6, 778, and Siber, ZSS. 48, 760).

Collinet, Les preuves directes et indirectes de l'influence de l'enseignement de Beyrouth sur la codification de Justinien (Byzantion, 3, 1).

De Francisci, Le fonti del dir. prov. e il processo della loro unificazione in Roma (Nuovi Studi di dir. 1, 3, 1928). The same, Giustiniano e la sua concezione imperiale (Riv. Internaz. di Filos. di dir. 7, 1927). The same, Una questione cronologica relativa alla compilazione del Digesto (Raccolta Ramorino, Milan, 1928 ?).

Grosso, Di un glossema in Gaio, I, 140 (Turin, 1928). The same, Efficacia dei patti nei bonae fidei iudicia (Turin, 1928). The same, Ricerche intorno all'elenco classico dei b. f. iudicia. I. Iudicium rei uxoriae (Riv. it. per le scienze giurid. 3, 1).

A. B. Schwarz, Pandektenwissenschaft und heutiges romanistisches Studium (Zurich, 1928). Important on academic method.

De Visscher, La formule 'parricidas esto,' etc. (Bull. de l'Ac. roy. de Belgique, cl. Lettres, 13, 298). See Duquesne, RH. 7, 469, and Lenel, Studi Bonfante II. (Pavia, 1929).

Zocco - Rosa, various short studies of the sources in Ann. del' Ist. di Storia di dir. rom., Catania. Pauly-Wissowa, the articles mancipatio and mancipium should be noted.

F. DE ZULUETA.

VIII

COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY

1. In the last account of the development of Comparative Philology in relation to the Classical Languages (1925) it was remarked that an epoch in the study had come to an end, and with a few exceptions the work henceforth would have to be carried on by a younger generation. But even before the article appeared in print there had passed away one who might, as a writer, be regarded as the leader of the new generation, being both, along with his teacher Professor Brugmann, the editor of the Indogermanische Forschungen from its foundation, and the originator and supervisor of several series of philological handbooks published by the firm of Winter in Heidelberg. Wilhelm Streitberg, the son of a lawyer, was born at Rüdesheim on 23rd February, 1864. As a boy he was unable to attend school regularly owing to a chronic inflammation of the ankle joint. But this made little difference to his progress in the end, for he was a born scholar and could teach himself. Amongst other things that he learnt in those days of comparative leisure was a knowledge of English. Of Dickens (not an easy author for foreigners beginning the study of English) he had an acquaintance which would put to shame most English boys of any age. As his lameness improved he pursued his University career first at Münster and later at Leipzig from 1885. For the two first years he studied mainly the Germanic languages, but in 1887 took a wider course with Brugmann, with Leskien (whose famulus he was) in Slavonic, and with Windisch in Sanskrit and in Celtic. In 1888 he submitted for the Ph.D. degree a dissertation "on the gradation of

the noun suffixes io- and jen- in Germanic and its relation to that of Indo-Germanic," for which he was awarded the degree summa cum laude. In the following winter he studied at Berlin, not greatly to his satisfaction, as his letters showed. In the summer of 1889 he gave at Leipzig his trial lecture for the position of a University teacher on Perfective and Imperfective Action in Germanic," and spoke also on the theme of "The literary interrelations between Celts and Germans." The lecture dealt practically only with Gothic. When published in Paul und Braune's Beiträge, Vol. xv., it was described as Part I., but no more ever appeared, though the subject was dealt with elsewhere in a different form in later years. The subject was suggested by his studies with Leskien, with whom he was on intimate terms. It was a valuable development of the study of the different kinds of action expressed by the Indo-germanic verb and was the cause of various other contributions. Streitberg was almost immediately called to a Professorship in his subject at the new R.C. University of Fribourg in Switzerland which was being established, and began his lectures in the summer Semester of 1890. There he produced several articles in Paul and Braune's Beiträge on Stemformation in Germanic. In 1891 he co-operated with Brugmann in the very successful linguistic Journal Indogermanische Forschungen, conducting the Anzeiger which was attached to the Forschungen, and largely superintending the publication of the Journal itself. In 1896 he published his Urgermanische Grammatik, which was very favourably received and soon went out of print. A new edition was urgently demanded and often promised, but his increasing engagements caused it to be deferred, and it has never appeared. Meantime increasing friction manifested itself between the Dominicans who controlled the theological Faculty of Fribourg University and the Professors in other Faculties, who declined to submit to this control. The result was that in 1898 a number of

these Professors resigned amidst a war of newspaper correspondence and pamphlets. Some of the larger German Universities took a serious view of the matter, and for some time Fribourg as a University was discommuned by Leipzig and, if I mistake not, by other Universities. Streitberg returned to Leipzig as a Privat-Dozent, but in 1899 was appointed Professor Extraordinarius at Münster, a post which was raised to an ordinary Professorship in 1906. Here he worked mainly on his edition of Wulfila's Gothic Bible. This was not merely a recension of the Gothic text (most of that work had been done by others), but was a restoration as well of the Greek text from which Wulfila worked. This work was completed by a dictionary of Gothic and Greek. By this time Streitberg had become one of the leading philologists of Germany. In 1909 a new chair of Comparative Philology was established at Munich, and Streitberg was invited to fill it. There he remained till on the death of Brugmann in 1919 he was called to be his successor at Leipzig. Meantime he had developed an extraordinary activity. With the firm of Carl Winter he began in 1902 the publication of some Indo-Germanic Handbooks, and soon found his success required a colleague in editing. Him he discovered in Dr. Herman Hirt, a philologist of the Leipzig school, now Professor at Giessen. The Indogermanische Bibliothek so founded in 1907 has developed into series of Grammars, Dictionaries, Researches, Linguistic History and a Baltic Library for Lithuanian and its kindred dialects, the total now amounting to between forty and fifty volumes, many of them of great value. Alongside these there was a parallel Germanic Library, which contains now more than sixty volumes. To these was added from 1910 onwards a Library of the Science of Religion which, after his colleague Richard Wünsch had been killed in the war, Streitberg carried on alone. Even more important for the foreign philologist was the Indogermanisches Jahrbuch (from 1914 onwards), a development from the

Indogermanisches Gesellschaft founded by Streitberg. The Jahrbuch took the place more effectively of the Anzeiger, as a complete summary of the recently-published literature. His first colleague as editor, A. Thumb, died as the first volume appeared; the second, Alois Walde, died the year before Streitberg. Another useful work which is not yet finished deals with the history of the study of the different Indo-Germanic languages. In this Streitberg undertook the part dealing with the Germanic Languages. On his death his friend since undergraduate days, Victor Michels, Professor of the Germanic Languages at Jena, undertook to complete the work, but he too died on 4th February of the present year. In 1924, on the completion of Streitberg's sixtieth year, his colleagues presented him with a Festschrift in the shape of a large volume of papers on various subjects, and from other friends came an even larger volume under the title of Stand und Aufgabe der Sprachwissenschaft, thus showing the respect in which he was held in the philological world. But the photograph prefixed to the first of these volumes showed that his work had told upon him and that his body was old beyond his years. He died of heart failure on the following 19th August.

Among the younger men who have passed away in the last four years none is to be compared with Streitberg, but the sudden death of Gustav Herbig (1868-1925) marks a heavy loss in the field of Etruscan studies, where labourers are few. A son of Bavaria and a student at Munich, he was for a year at Leipzig, where he came under the influence of Brugmann, Leskien and Sievers, and like Streitberg wrote upon the forms of Action and the Tenses in the Indo-Germanic and specially the Greek verb, a dissertation which appeared in I.F., vi. 157-269, as well as a pamphlet. For some years he served in the University Library at Munich, but after much delay prevailed upon the authorities to allow him also to lecture. He took up with ardour the study of Latin and its kindred dialects and, after the death of Pauli, joined Professor Danielsson