D. Peterkin 1 illustrates Sophocles' skill in characterisation by a study of the character of Creon in the Antigone and the two Oedipus plays. He shews how some traits which at first are latent develop with circumstances, at the expense of others. A. C. Pearson has elucidated a number of textual points and other details in the Antigone, 2 and U. Hoefer has some interesting notes, chiefly dealing with μασχαλισμός, on the Electra, and some ethnological observations on Phineus. 3

E. R. Dodds' Euripides the Irrationalist is fresh and stimulating; Professor Dodds finds that for Euripides the evil in human nature is rooted in heredity, and takes the place of the Aeschylean curse. The intellect does not help us to right conduct. The poet's religion is pessimistic. Miss M. R. Glover, in an interesting essay on the Bacchae, 5 goes some distance towards a consistent interpretation of this most difficult play. In her opinion Euripides here gives a picture of Dionysus-worship as it really was; the miracles are to be taken as supernatural, and the religion, to the poet's mind, is devilish. C. W. Keyes, writing on some characteristics of the Rhesus, cautiously refrains from a definite pronouncement, but strongly favours the claims of Euripides to the authorship. He finds in the play two very marked Euripidean characteristics-the dislike for Apollo in contrast to Athena, and the nature of Apollo's prophecy of vengeance.

F. Guglielmino has made a study of parody in Greek Comedy, in which he naturally devotes most space to the classification of Aristophanes' parodies. The fourth volume of the Budé Aristophanes & consists of the Thesmophoriazusae and Frogs, and maintains the good qualities of the earlier volumes. Short discussions of the text of Menander's Perikeiromene are published by E. Schwartz in Hermes.1

Volume XVII. of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri includes two long passages of Callimachus, namely 50 lines of the introductory poem to the Aitia and 100 lines of the second book. A fragment of the Coma Berenices2 shews how close was Catullus' imitation. Thy Hymn to Zeus, edited by L. Roussel, contains translation and commentary and an appendix on versification. 3

A. Wifstrand has published a brochure of miscellaneous notes on Apollonius Rhodius. 4 A. D. Knox explains a passage in Herondas with reference to Coan history. Nonnus is one of the chief sources for Jean Noiville's politico-historical treatise on Alexander. 6

The educational side of Plato's work is dealt with at some length by Julius Stenzel in a volume which is one of a series on educational writers. 7 Room is found for the discussion of all the features of earlier thought, from Homer to Socrates, which are embodied in the Platonic system. E. R. Dodds brings out the close affinities between Plato's Parmenides and Plotinus, & a man who still knew how to think in an age when accurate thought was at a discount. The construction of the Phaedrus is the subject of a book by Z. Diesendruck, who raises the question whether the chief theme of the dialogue is Love or Rhetoric or whether the two are closely bound up. The answer is inconclusive. M. R. I. Brinkgreve contrasts the teaching of the Symposium with that of Phaedo and Timaeus1 on the subject of Immortality, and concludes that Plato thought chiefly of the continuity of the species. J. Harward removes some of the difficulties which stand against the genuineness of the 7th and 8th Platonic Epistles; the curious structure of the 7th is explicable on the supposition that it is not a letter but, like the letters of Isocrates, a literary document in epistolary form. Two books by Edouard des Places, though not strictly literary, should be mentioned here as being useful helps towards the analysis of Platonic style-Une formule Platonicienne de Recurrence, which classifies variations of such phrases as ὃ λέγω, ὅπερ ἔλεγον, etc., and Études sur quelques particules de liaison chez Platon. 3 J. Geffcken in Antiplatonica 4 has collected examples of polemics against Plato. H. D. Verdam examines the opinions of those who take seriously Plato's interpretation of Simonides in the Protagoras, and decides that the whole passage is a joke. 5 A new translation of the Theaetetus by M. J. Levett makes good reading. 6

The Pseudo-Aristotelian Problems are the subject of a careful discourse by E. S. Forster, who traces the work to four distinct sources-the genuine Problems, now lost, the Hippocratic writings, Theophrastus and, finally, a miscellaneous element, partly Peripatetic. The compiler, who cannot be dated earlier than the first century B.С., had little skill and often contradicted himself. H. Rackham's notes on the text of the Nicomachean Ethics illustrate the relation between the two chief MSS. 8

C. N. Cochrane raises some interesting questions about the historical principles of Thucydides. He believes that the historian based his scientific method on that of the early Hippocratic writers, applying their principles to the study of society. Mr. Cochrane thus differs widely from the opinions of Mr. Cornford on the one hand and more recent writers on the other. 1 J. U. Powell has made a special study of Valla's translation in connexion with the papyri, which throw considerable light on it and agree with it in many places. He finds strong evidence for Valla's use of a MS. resembling P1376 and others. 2 Konrat Ziegler examines the digressions of Thucydides, such as the Archaeologia of Book I. and the Pisistratidea of VI. He shews grounds for believing that they were portions of a work on which Thucydides was engaged before 431 в.с., and which he abandoned in order to write the history of the War. 3 E. Cavaignac in Miltiade et Thucydide is concerned with details of family history. The Oxford University Press has issued a reprint of Thomas Hobbes' translation of Pericles' funeral speech, together with the text. 5 A. Gwynn throws some light on Xenophon's methods of composition; the historian worked up old diaries, sometimes introducing passages out of their proper order on certain personal grounds. J. Wells gives an able summary of the life and work of Herodotus in relation to Athens. 7

W. R. Halliday's Greek Questions of Plutarch & makes a suitable companion volume to Rose's Roman Questions, though the treatment is somewhat different. The notes appended to the translation of each question"

1

are

Thucydides and the Science of History, Oxford University Press,

admirable, being learned without being heavy. Some notes on Plutarch (as well as Lucian and others) are included in W. Jaeger's ἀπαρχαί. 1 Dom Antoni Ramon I. Arrutat has edited Vol. I. of Polybius for Metge's Catalan Series. 2 Anna Commena is the subject of a sympathetic study by Georgina Buckler; a translation of the Alexias is appended. 3

E. E. Genner has made a selection from the Attic orators (text only) for the use of students reading for Classical Moderations. 4 In Antiphontea J. Thiel argues on new grounds that the first oration of Antiphon has come down to us in an unfinished state. 5

The magical papyri have been collected and edited (with translations) by K. Preisendanz and others. There are numerous difficulties of reading and interpretation, and this is a useful work. A. S. Hunt's reading of A Greek Cryptogram is a triumph of patience and ingenuity. J. E. Lowe & has collected a very great number of references to magic in literature; his general view is that magic is not the forerunner of religion but a last resource when orthodoxy has failed.

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Among general works we must mention Powell and Barber's New Chapters in the History of Greek Literature, which contains much interesting matter. E. A. Barber's chapter on Callimachus is good, and we should have liked more of it. G. Murray's Menander includes a good description of society. The historical fragments are unimportant. W. M. Edwards' Diatribe, Dialogus, contains interesting material for the understanding of Hellenistic Prose. F. R. Earp in The Way of the Greeks 10