of Greek history have hardly received notice in this work.

Among the new one-volume manuals, C. E. Robinson's History of Greece1 provides a clear and sane appreciation of Greek culture, with less narrative of detail than in oldfashioned histories. P. Roussel's La Grèce et l'Orient des Guerres médiques à la conquête romaine2 gives a straightforward and uncontentious account of the main events, with carefully selected bibliographies. G. Glotz's La Cité grecque explains Greek politics (down to 338 в.с.) in the light of social and economic factors, and castigates Athenian democracy with far less than the usual severity. M. L. W. Laistner's Survey of Ancient History to the death of Constantine has not reached me in time for adequate discussion here. It is plainly an important work. In this connexion we may also mention an essay by A. Ferrabino entitled La Dissoluzione della Libertà nella Grecia antica, which severely criticizes Greek love of liberty and autonomy. 5

III. Special Periods. (I) Το 500 B.C.-Prehistoric Greece has again been a special field of study for American scholars. J. B. Haley and C. W. Blegen have made parallel surveys of pre-Hellenic place-names and of prehistoric finds. 6 Their most significant conclusion is that in the early second millennium, while Minoan civilization was in rapid growth, the names of Middle Minoan and Helladic sites remained unaltered. L. B. Holland has combined the archaeological record with ancient tradition to suggest that the Danaoi were northerners who crossed Anatolia in the early second millennium and passed over in marauding bands to Greece after 1400.1 The problem of the Achaeans is the chief historical topic in V. Bérard's Ithaque et la Grèce des Achéens, which is a continuation of Les Phéniciens et l'Odyssée in its revised form. 3 The author maintains a sceptical attitude to the latest archaeological theories on this subject. As might be expected, he holds that the Achaeans learnt seamanship from the Phoenicians, and not from the Minoans. In the light of his excavations on the upper Haliacmon, W. A. Heurtley confirms the ancient tradition that the Dorians moved up and down Pindus before their final plunge through Greece. 4 An important new field of research has been opened by G. O. Davies, who has established the existence of a Middle and Late Helladic tin mine at Cirrha (by the Corinthian Gulf) and an Early Helladic copper mine near Volo. 5

The tangle of early Greek trade relations has been partly straightened out by A. R. Burn, who carefully follows out the commercial spheres of action and policies of the leading cities. On the special question of the Attic occupation of Sigeum, A. Brouwers concludes against Herodotus that there was only one seizure, which he dates back to Solon.7 C. T. Seltman suggests that the "Hyperboreans" who sent offerings to Delos were a colony of Helleno-Getae marooned somewhere near the lower Danube. 8

(2) Το 323 Β.C. -The shield-signal at Marathon has been discussed from a new standpoint by P. K. BaillieReynolds, who proves conclusively that the message must have been very brief, and therefore preconcerted, and argues somewhat more hazardously that it did not read "double up!" but "wash out!"9 Modern speculations about the Alcmaeonidae have been dissected in a characteristically cautious analysis by P. Cloché, who reduces the case once more to non liquet." 1 Two figures of the Peloponnesian War have received further consideration. E. C. Woodcock contends that Demosthenes was a pioneer of scientific warfare whom Thucydides has deliberately slighted. 2 E. F. Benson has brightened history with a popular book on Alcibiades, 3 written sine ira et studio, but with a keen eye to dramatic situations.

Fourth-century Athens has received much attention of late. The see-saw of contending parties after the restoration of 403 is the subject of a close study by G. Mathieu. 4 The particular question of the Attic grants of franchise to Samos has been reviewed by P. Cloché, who denies that these constituted a challenge to Sparta. 5 In the light of new readings in the Editio Minor of Inscriptiones Atticae W. Kolbe argues against the theory that in 377-6 the Athenian treasury was reorganized. Demosthenes' politics have been criticized by J. Van Ooteghem from the standpoint of Isocrates: why did Demosthenes and Philip not agree to fall upon Persia during the Egyptian revolt? ? The vexed question of Lycurgus' constitutional position has been reopened by G. Colin, who decides that his office was extra ordinem. & In an article on Athens at the time of Alexander G. Mathieu deduces from the ephebus-lists that there was a growth of population in the mining districts. 9

Alexander the Great has been the subject of a very readable sketch by E. J. Robson. 10 The genesis of the

1 Rev. Ét. Anc., 1928, pp. 269-79.

cult of Alexander has been further investigated by W. W. Tarn, who denies any element of Persian genius-worship in it,1 and by A. D. Nock, who shows convincingly that it was οὐδὲν πρὸς τὸν Διόνυσον. 2

(3) From 323 B.C.-With the help of the new chronological text from Oxyrhynchus, 3 W. S. Ferguson has subjected Athenian history in the early third century to a thorough reconstruction, with the result that the usurpation of Lachares must now be dated back to 300 в.с. 4 What little is known about King Lysimachus has been conveniently summarized by F. Geyer, who represents him as a comparatively liberal ruler. 5 The wars between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies have been the subject of an important monograph by W. Otto. This scholar takes his own line on the evidence of the new Babylonian chronicles, and dates the First Syrian War as late as 274-1 B.C. In his account of the Second War (246 ff.) he scales down Ptolemy III.'s conquests to a mere promenade and makes Seleucus II. the real hero of the encounter. The political and economic expansion of Egypt under that well - served monarch, Ptolemy Philadelphus, has been sketched in firm outline by W. W. Tarn." Another article from the same pen traces Philadelphus' tentative penetration of North-West Arabia with an eye to the overland trade in frankincense. 8 A sample of Ptolemaic Egypt is offered for inspection in P. Viereck's Philadelpheia, a popular description of a Fayum town as revealed by excavations and the Zenon papyri. The rebirth of nationalism in Egypt, beginning with a successful demand for a copper coinage, and ending in a league of Greeks and Egyptians against Romans and Jews, is set forth in an interesting article by J. G. Milne. 1

The growth of a theory of Hellenistic kingship out of Greek political philosophy is carefully worked out in an essay by E. R. Goodenough. 2 King-worship in the laboratory stage is exhibited in K. Scott's study of the various tentative forms of adoration offered to Demetrius Poliorcetes. 3

IV. Special Topics. (1) Local histories. Athens has been the subject of two short and well-written monographs by E. H. Warmington 4 and P. Cloché. 5 The former of these deals mainly with political history, the latter excludes it. The two booklets are therefore supplementary.

A more comprehensive work on Sicyon has been written by C. H. Skalet. The main interest of this, as might be expected, lies in the history of Sicyonian art.

Macedonia has been discussed in a joint article by F. Geyer, who describes its geography fully and summarizes its politics, and by O. Hoffmann, who analyses its language. Hoffmann's conclusion, that the Macedonians were a Greek governing class (from Thessaly), is in general agreement with the findings of G. N. Hatzidakis, who also adduces linguistic evidence to prove the Hellenism of the Macedonians. 8

The second volume of E. Ciaceri's Storia della Magna Grecia carries forward the history of the Italiote Greeks