the justices, "be not so governmentish, so noisy, and open in your dissatisfactions." 1 Unable to go to Pennsylvania, as he ardently desired,' he determined to change the form of government. He revoked the executive functions granted to the council, and appointed as governor five commissioners or councillors (three of whom were to make a quorum) to watch over the council and assembly and prevent quarrels and disorder, and to compel all to do their duty under the charter.3 The new arrangement worked no better than the old. Finally, in September, 1685, he made another and more important change: instead of allowing an elected council or a board of councillors to act as governor, he selected an appointee of his own, one Captain Blackwell, a resident of Boston, son-in-law of Cromwell's associate, Lambert, and formerly treasurer of Cromwell's army.*

Blackwell came to Philadelphia in December, 1685, with a grim determination to organize an efficient government. As he was not a Quaker, he was soon opposed by the leaders of the Quaker party, chief of whom was Thomas Lloyd, master of the rolls and keeper of the broad seal. Un

1 Proud, Hist. of Pennsylvania, I., 297. 'Pa. Magazine, IX., 81.

* Proud, Hist. of Pennsylvania, I., 305-307; Shepherd, Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania, 261-262.

▲ Cal. of State Pap., Col., 1685-1688, § 824.

Pa. Col. Records, I., 186 (194-197), 207 (234-242), 256 (279, 280).

fortunate controversies followed till Lloyd became so excited that the governor had to adjourn the council, and Lloyd and his followers remained behind and made so much noise and clamor that passers-by in the streets stood still to hear." When Penn heard of this painful incident he wrote to Lloyd in reproof, saying: "Do not be so litigious and brutish. . . . O, that some one would stand up for our good beginnings and bring a savour of righteousness over that ill savour." "

When Blackwell asked for his own recall Penn yielded too ready a compliance to the wishes of the opposition. He placed the question of the future government in the hands of the council, and agreed that he would accept any governor that they might select, or he would be content if the council itself acted as governor. Burdened with his cares in England, he begged his people to "avoid factions and parties, whisperings and reportings and all animosities," and to put their "common shoulder to the public work." " The council, assuming the governorship itself, chose Lloyd as president, and made one more unsuccessful experiment. New questions arose: the inhabitants of the lower counties, differing in blood and religion from those of Pennsylvania proper, began an agitation for separate government that ended ten years later in their

3

1 Pa. Col. Records, I., 252 (293, 294).

2 Penn to Lloyd, Historical Magazine, 1st series, III., 105. & Pa. Col. Records, I., 274 (316).

separating from Pennsylvania and having a legislature of their own. In 1691, owing to the apostasy of George Keith, a schism took place among the Quakers which brought grief to members of the society everywhere. The tales of petty informers in England, who took pleasure in persecuting Penn, now that he had lost much of his influence at court, found support in the exaggerated accounts of the bickerings and quarrels among Penn's colonists in America.

These quarrels in Philadelphia were to no small extent responsible for the royal order of William III., in 1692, depriving Penn of his proprietorship "by reason of great neglects and miscarriages in the government," whereby "the same is fallen into disorder and confusion, the public peace and administration of justice broken and violated,” insufficient provision made for "the defence of the province against" the French, and danger of entire loss to the crown. For two years Pennsylvania was governed as a dependency of New York, until in 1694 the territory was restored. In 1699 Penn himself came over at last for a residence of five years in his colony.

Though the tale on the political side is largely one of confusion and discord, yet in other respects the history of the province is one of steady and sound progress. Philadelphia increased rapidly in size, was deemed large enough for incorporation as a borough in 1684, and was incorporated with mayor

and aldermen in 1691. The commerce was such that in the West India trade it was rapidly becoming the only rival of New York, and was competing with her for the control of the Indian trade of the Northwest. The position of the province, half-way between New England and Virginia, was a particularly strong one and gave promise of a great future. Despite the unsettled condition of government, the condition of the province in other respects was hopeful and encouraging.

1 Pa. Col. Records, I., 64 (117); Pa. Magazine, X., 61-77; XV., 344.

O

CHAPTER XIII

DEVELOPMENT OF VIRGINIA

(1652-1675)

F all the colonies on the main-land of America

Virginia was the one most loyal to the Stuarts. Berkeley had driven the religious Puritans out of the colony; and those who cherished Puritan ideas of government gave no sign of their presence. The royalists in Virginia increased after 1649, and the colony, though it might well have held out against a siege, surrendered without a struggle to the fleet sent by Parliament in 1651 to effect its reduction. The surrender was the work of that large body of planters and freeholders, parliamentarians and cavaliers alike, who desired peace, trade, and prosperity, and who saw in resistance and possible defeat a further restriction upon their market, and consequent ruin. Though Berkeley "blustered and talked of resistance," 1 and even raised a force to oppose the parliamentary commissioners, after long and serious debate an agreement was reached.

By the articles of surrender, signed March 12, 1 Neill, Virginia Carolorum, 220, 221.