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744

EGYPT.

of unlimited obedience; after which he solicited permission to make war upon Sheik Daher, the ally of Ali Bey. The reason of this request was a mere personal pique; and, as soon as it was granted, he made the most diligent preparations for war. Having procured an extraordinary train of artilery, he provided foreign gunners, and gave the tommand of them to an Englishman, named Robinson. He brought from Suez a cannon sixteen feet long, which had for a considerable time remained useless; and at length, in February 1776, he appeared in Syria with an army equal to that which he had formerly commanded under Ali Bey. Daher's forces, despairing of being able to ope with such a formidable armament, abanoned Gaza, of which Mohammed immediately ook possession, and then marched towards Yafa. The history of this siege M. Volney gives as a specimen of the Asiatic manner of conducting operations of the kind. 'the ancient Joppa, is situated on a part of the Yafa,' says he, coast, the general level of which is very little above the sea. The city is built on an eminence, in the form of a sugar-loaf, in height about 130 feet perpendicular. The houses, distributed on the declivity, appear rising above each other, like the steps of an amphitheatre. On the summit is a small citadel, which commands the town; the bottom of the hill is surrounded by a wall without a rampart, of twelve or fourteen feet high, and two or three in thickness. The battlements on the top are the only tokens by which it is distinguished from a common garden wall. This wall, which has no ditch, is environed by gardens, where lemons, oranges, and citrons grow in this light soil to a most prodigious size. The city was defended by 500 or 600 Safadians and as many inhabitants, who, at the sight of the enemy, armed themselves with their sabres and musquets; they had likewise a few brass cannon, twenty-four pounders, without carriages; these they mounted as well as they could, on timbers prepared in a hurry: and, supplying the place of experience by hatred and courage, they replied to the summons of the enemy with menaces and cannon shot. Mohammed, finding he must have recourse to force, formed his camp before the town; but was so little acquainted with the business that he advanced within half cannon-shot. The bullets, which showered upon the tents, apprising him of his error, he retreated; and, by making a fresh experiment, was convinced he was still too near. At length he discovered the proper distance, and set up his tent, in which the most extravagant luxury was displayed: around it, without any order, were pitched those of the Mamelukes, while the Barbary Arabs formed huts with the trunks and branches of the orange and lemon trees, and the followers of the army arranged themselves as they could: a few guards were distributed here and there; and, without making a single entrenchment, they called themselves encamped. Batteries were now to be erected, and a spot of rising ground was made choice of to the southeast of the town, where, behind some garden walls, pieces of cannon were pointed, at 200 paces from the town, and the firing began, notwithstanding the musquetry of the enemy, who,

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from the tops of the terraces, killed several of the gunners. It is evident that a wall only three feet, thick, and without a rampart, must soon have a large breach in it; and the question was not how lukes were for doing it on horseback: but they to mount, but how to get through it. The Mamesented, for the first time, to march on foot. I were told that this was impossible; and they conmust have been a curious sight to see them, with their huge breeches of thick Venetian cloth, em barrassed with their tucked up beniches, thei crooked sabres in hand, and pistols hanging to their sides, advancing and tumbling among the ruins of the wall. They imagined that they had conquered every difficulty when this obstacle was surmounted; but the besieged, who formed a better judgment, waited till they arrived at the empty space between the city and the wall; where they assailed them from the terraces and bullets, that the Mamelukes did not so much as windows of the houses with such a shower of think of setting them on fire, but retired under a persuasion that the breach was utterly impracticable, since it was impossible to enter it on horseback. Mourad Bey brought them several times back to the charge, but in vain. Six weeks passed in this manner; and Mohammed was distracted with rage, anxiety, and despair. The besieged, however, whose numbers were diminished by the repeated attacks, became weary of defending alone the cause of Daher. Some persons began to treat with the enemy; and it was proposed to abandon the place, on the Egyptians giving hostages. Conditions were agreed upon, and the treaty might be considered as concluded, when, in the midst of the security occasioned by this belief, some Mamelukes entered the town; numbers of others followed their example, and attempted to plunder. The inhabitants defended themselves, and the attack recommenced: the whole ariny then rushed into the town, which suffered all the horrors of war; women and children, young and old men, were all cut to pieces, and Mohammed, equally mean and barbarous, caused a pyramid formed of the heads of these unfortunate sufferers to be raised as a monument of his victory.' By this disaster the greatest terSheik Daher himself fled, and Mohammed soon ror and consternation were every where diffused. became master of Acre also. Here he behaved with his usual cruelty, and abandoned the city to be plundered by his soldiers. The French merchants claimed an exemption, and it was procured with the utmost difficulty: nor was even this likely to be of any consequence; for Mohammed, informed that the treasures of Ibrahim, Kiaya of Daher, had been deposited in that place, made an immediate demand of them, threatening every one of the merchants with death if the treasures were not instantly produced. A day was appointed for making the research; but, before this came, the tyrant himself died of a malignant fever after two days illness. His death was no sooner known than the army made a precipitate retreat. Daher continued his rebellion for some time, but Sheik was at last entirely defeated, and his head sent high admiral. The death of Mohammed was no to Constantinople by Hassan Pacha the Turkish

sooner known in Egypt, than Mourad Bey has tened to Cairo in order to dispute the sovereignty with Ibrahim Bey, who had been entrusted with the government on his departure from that place for Syria. Preparations for war were made on both sides; but at last both parties, finding that the contest must be attended with great difficulty, as well as very uncertain in the event, came to an accommodation, by which it was agreed that Ibrahim should retain the title of Sheik El Beled, and the power should be divided between them. But now the beys and others who had been promoted by Ali Bey, perceiving their own importance totally annihilated by this new faction, resolved to shake off the yoke, and therefore united in a league under the title of the House of Ali Bey. They conducted their matters with so much silence and dexterity, that both Mourad and Ibrahim were obliged to abandon Cairo. In a short time, however, they returned and defeated their enemies though three times their number; but, notwithstanding this success, it was not in their power totally to suppress the party. This indeed was owing entirely to their unskilfulness in the art of war, and their operations for some time were very trifling. At last, a new combination having been formed among the beys, five of them were sentenced to banishment in the Delta. They pretended to comply with this order, but took the road of the desert of the Pyramids, through which they were pursued for three days to no purpose. Arriving safe at Miniah, a village situated on the Nile, four leagues above Cairo, they took up their residence, and, being masters of the river, soon reduced Cairo to distress by intercepting its provisions. Thus a new expedition became necessary, and Ibrahim took the command of it upon himself. In October, 1783, he set out with an army of 3000 cavalry; the two armies soon came in sight of each other, but Ibrahim thought proper to terminate the affairs by negociation. This gave such offence to Mourad, who suspected some plot against himself, that he left Cairo. A war betwixt the two rivals was now daily expected, and the armies continued for twenty-five days in sight of each other, only separated by the river. Negociations took place; and the five exiled beys finding themselves abandoned by Mourad, took to flight, but were pursued and brought back to Cairo. Peace seemed now to be re-established; but, the jealousy of the two rivals producing new intrigues, Mourad was once more obliged to quit Cairo in 1784. Forming his camp, however, directly at the gates of the city, he appeared so terrible to Ibrahim, that the latter thought proper in his turn to retire to the desert, where he remained till March 1785. A new treaty then took place; by which the rivals agreed to share the power between them. From that time, we have no accounts of any remarkable transaction in Egypt till the French invaded that country in 1798; and of this, with the events that followed, we shall now take a brief survey.

Among all the powers which the conduct of the French republicans brought against them, Great Britain was the most formidable; the rulers of France, therefore, made her humiliation a

leading object in all their designs: and they were most likely to effect this by the destruction of her commerce. The French then looked forward, through Egypt, to the subjugation of the East Indies; and, to execute this daring and desperate undertaking, Buonaparte was appointed commander in chief of the army of the East. In this station he accordingly embarked at Toulon with about 35,000 men, and after stopping at Malta, which he plundered, he pursued his voyage for the coast of Egypt, where he arrived on the 1st of July 1798. The army disembarked the same night, and on the 2nd they reached Alexandria, which was taken by assault on the evening of the 5th From Alexandria the French marched for Cairo, in the course of which they had several skirmishes with the Mamelukes; but arrived on the 20th within six miles of Grand Cairo, which surrendered on the 23d of the same month. On the 25th the French general attacked one of the enemy's posts at Lambabe, in which about 300 of the enemy fell; but this was only a prelude to the battle of the Pyramids, which took place on the 26th, and from the issue of which the French appeared masters of Egypt. Of about 10,000 Mamelukes, 1000 were killed, 1000 drowned, and the rest fled, many of them wounded: 400 camels loaded with baggage, 300 horses richly accoutred, and fifty pieces of artillery, fell into the hands of the conquerors. But though the good fortune of Buonaparte seemed thus far to have followed him in Egypt, he soon experienced a reverse of an irreparable nature. This was no less than the destruction of his fleet: an event so disastrous to him, he appeared to have no suspicion of, and its effects, heightened by the disappointment he met with at Acre, were displayed in his future desperate conduct. After the surrender of Cairo, Buonaparte formed his army into three divisions, one of which, under Desaix, he destined for Upper Egypt, to pursue the flying Mamelukes; another he appointed for the defence of Cairo, while he marched himself, at the head of the third, in pursuit of Ibrahim Bey, who had taken his route towards Syria with a valuable caravan. In order, however, to oppose and prevent the execution of Buonaparte's designs in Egypt, the British government entered into an alliance with the Porte, and a plan was concerted betwixt them, the chief preparations for the accomplishment of which were made in Syria, under the superintendence of the pacha Djezzar. An army from Asia Minor was to make an attack upon the frontiers of Egypt towards Syria, while its operations were to be favored by making a powerful diversion towards the mouths of the Nile, as well as by different assaults to be made in Upper Egypt, with the remains of Mourad Bey's army. Sir Sidney Smith sailed from Portsmouth to direct the execution of this extensive plan, and to co-operate, as much as possible, towards its success, with the maritime force under his command. Care was taken, in the mean time, to block up the harbour of Alexandria with four ships of the line and five frigates, under the command of commodore Hood, who, without the assistance of a land force sufficient to attack Alexandria, found it impracticable to burn or destroy the French fleet

of transports. The report that the French ves- July The army afterwards assembled at the sels in the old port were burnt, he also found to wells between Aboukir and Alexandria, at the be groundless; and he had made no use of the latter of which places Buonaparte fixed his head light vessels sent him by the combined fleet of quarters. The Turkish army was about 18,000 Turks and Russians. Buonaparte, understanding strong, but divided into two parts, and encamped what was going on, quickly formed the design on the opposite sides of a beautiful plain. When of leaving Egypt, and of marching into Syria, the French general came in sight of it, he immefor the purpose of destroying the preparations of diately formed his columns for attack. General the pacha Djezzar, and of disconcerting the plans d'Estaing, with a body of infantry, carried the of Sir Sidney Smith; but the result of this enter- entrenched height of the enemy, which supported prise proved the reverse of the hero's expectations. their right, at the point of the bayonet, while Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, did not surrender till general Murat, with a body of cavalry, advanit had made an obstinate defence, and even then it cing rapidly into the centre of the Turkish army, was only to the superiority of European tactics. prevented the junction of its different parts, and From Jaffa the hitherto triumphant general cut off their retreat; and, by these manœuvres, marched his army, in three divisions, against St. 2000 men were partly consigned to a watery grave, Jean d'Acre; but here he was obliged to stop, and partly killed by the republicans. The left for the pacha, encouraged and supported by Sir division was next attacked, which made a more Sidney Smith, baffled all his attempts upon the obstinate stand; but, by a variety of skilful place, during a siege of about two months; and, movements, the whole were at last, though with after the loss of nearly the half of his army, he considerable loss to the French, thrown into conwas forced to return to Egypt. Perhaps, how- fusion, and obliged to fly; and the greatest part, ever, the ultimate cause of Buonaparte's mortifi- thinking to reach their ships, perished in the sea. cation at Acre, was the interception of his heavy The fort of Aboukir was next summoned to surartillery by the British, on their way from Dami- render, but the Turks, having no idea of capituetta and Rosetta. The French troops reached lating with arms in their hands, defended it with Grand Cairo in twenty-six days after raising the desperate fury; and, though general Menou beseige of Acre; yet, in the course of this rapid sieged it in form, they did not yield till he had march, they ravaged the whole country, burnt bombarded it for eight days, and reduced it almost the harvests, destroyed the defences of the diffe- to a heap of ruins. At last the pacha's son and rent ports, the magazines, and every thing that 2000 men laid down their arms, and were made could be of avail to the Turks in approaching the prisoners of war; and, in the fort, the French frontiers of Egypt. In the mean time Sir Sidney found 1800 men killed, and 300 wounded. This Smith, with the greatest promptitude, had con- woeful reverse of fortune on the part of the Turks tinued the execution of the remaining parts of was beheld, it is said, by Sir Sidney Smith, the plan of operations against the French in Egypt, while he had it not in his power to contribute in in which he was seconded by the increasing any manner, as at Acre, towards preventing it. zeal of the Turks. Seid Mustapha Pacha had After the surrender of the fort of Aboukir, Buoassembled, at the different ports in the island of naparte returned to Alexandria, where he receiRhodes, the troops which were to attack Alex- ved intelligence of the dismal situation of French andria, under the conduct of European officers; affairs in Europe, particularly in Italy and on and the combined fleet of Turkey and Britain the Rhine, and the convulsed state of the inte were to sail for Egypt as soon as a convoy, to rior of France; upon which he resolved to leave be sent by the captain pacha, then lying at anchor Egypt and return home, doubtless full of the in the Dardanelles, should arrive at Rhodes. idea of attaining to that sovereignty which he Buonaparte, on his part, was no less active: afterwards reached. Admiral Gantheaume was after subduing, in a great measure, a spirit of ordered to fit out two frigates with the utmost rebellion which had been industriously raised in expedition, but was not informed of their destithe minds of the inhabitants in his absence, he nation. His future designs were known only to turned his attention to the re-organisation of his general Berthier, whom alone he made his conarmy, which had suffered severely in the expe- fidential friend; though he brought with him dition to Syria; and so assiduous was he in this generals Lasnes, Marmont, Murat, and Andrematter, that his troops were fit for action in about ossi; as also Monge and Berthollet of the instithree weeks. But when in the neighbourhood tute. Bessiers and his guides received sealed of the Pyramids, intending to pursue Mourad notes, not to be opened till a certain day and Bey in his retreat to Fayoum, intelligence was hour, and at a particular point of the sea shore; brought him from Alexandria, that a Turkish which were found to contain orders for immediate fleet of 100 ships had anchored in the bay of embarkation. Another packet, to be opened on Aboukir, from which 3000 troops had landed, and the day after the sailing of the frigates, nominated taken the fort of Aboukir by assault, and massa- general Kleber to the chief command, and Decred the garrison of 500 men. He accordingly di- saix to that of Upper Egypt. From general Klerected his officers to lead their forces towards the ber's despatches,after the departure of Buonaparte, place of landing, and appointed the first rendez- it appears that Mourad Bey, having passed down vous of the army to be at Ramanieh, on the left the Nile to El-Ganayur, was repulsed by a divibank of the Nile. General Murat, with the ad- sion of the army of Upper Egypt, commanded vanced guard under him, took the route to Gizeh, by general Morand. Ilaving overtaken him in and the moveable column under general Menou, his flight, they surprised his camp at Samahout, together with the park of artillery and the staff, killed a vast number of the Mamelukes, took 20v formed a junction at Ramanieh on the 20th of camels with spoils, 100 horses, and an immense

quantity of military implements: Mourad him self escaping with difficulty, and being obliged to wander through the inhospitable deserts of Upper Egypt in quest of an asylum, and the necessaries of life. This man having been a steady and formidable opponent to the French, Desaix determined, if possible, to cut him off, and, for this purpose, he quickly organised two columns of infantry, mounted on dromedaries, taking the command of one himself, and giving the other to adjutant-general Boyer, who came up with Mourad in the desert of Sediman on the 19th of October, after a forced march of three days. Here a desperate conflict ensued, in which the Mamelukes seemed determined to get possession of the dromedaries, but the republicans soon put them to flight and pursued them back to the deserts. A Turkish fleet of eighteen sail had come to anchor before Damietta on the 24th September, which, by the end of October, was increased to fifty-three sail, with Sir Sidney Smith on board the Tyger as naval commander. From this fleet, on the 1st November, about 4000 Turks were landed, who were quickly attacked by general Verdier at the head of 1000 men; and however unequal the contest would seem, the Turks, it is said, lost no fewer than 3000 men killed, 800 prisoners, including Ismael Bey the second in command, thirty-two stand of colors, and five pieces of cannon. This was succeeded by a number of battles of less note, in which the success of the French was various; and they appeared willing to evacuate Egypt upon certain conditions, which were signed at El-Arish by general Kleber and Sir Sidney Smith. These, however, were afterwards rejected, through a species of policy not easily accounted for, and fresh obstacles started against the evacuation proposed; which, in the opinion of some, was an object much to be desired by the remains of the army of the east, while the republicans refused that there was any occasion for such a measure, holding out that they had still 20,000 effective men in that quarter of the globe, sharing liberally in the affections of the inhabitants. Hostilities were accordingly renewed, and the gallant general Kleber, though now in unfavorable circumstances, after defeating the Turks with far inferior numbers, took Cairo by storm, and formed an alliance with Mourad Bey; but was afterwards treacherously assassinated by a janissary, while presenting the commander with a memorial for his perusal. Upon this, after some other generals, particularly Reynier, had declined the chief command, it was accepted of by Menou;. which, as a variance had subsisted between him and Kleber, raised suspicions that he had hired the assassin; but the dying assertions of the murderer, who was impaled alive, his right hand burnt off, and his body left to be devoured by birds of prey, demonstrated these to be groundless. Three sheiks who were in the secret of the assassin's designs, but revealed nothing of the matter, were beheaded. Sir Sidney Smith sent lieutenant Wright to Cairo with proposals to general Menou respecting the evacuation of Egypt; and the general's answer was anxiously expected by the combined powers, as the grand vizier was resolved to march against the enemy

with 30,000 men, if he did not listen to the proposals. They were soon given to understand that he would hearken to no overtures of accommodation which they could make; for he had resolved to advance against Syria with the principal part of his army. This was an enterprise in which Buonaparte had failed, when opposed by Sir Sidney Smith: but Menou had lately been joined by a number of the Beys, with a view o. securing their independence, having been alarmed with the idea that the sublime Porte was determined to subdue Egypt and destroy the Mamelukes: among others, the junction of Mourad Bey was of considerable importance to Menou, on this occasion. Alexandria, Damietta, and Rosetta, were strongly fortified by Menou, who also finished the lines begun by colonel Bromley at Aboukir, making several important additions; every place was put in such a state of defence, as appeared to defy any attack from the Turks. Great Britain, in the mean time, had determined on compelling the French troops to evacuate Egypt, that all apprehensions might be quieted respecting the East Indies from that quarter; and, with this view, an army was 07ganised for the invasion of Egypt, the command of which was given to one of the most eminent and worthy officers of the brilliant age in which he lived, general Sir Ralph Abercromby. The ships with the troops anchored in the bay of Aboukir on the 2nd of March, but on account of the unfavorableness of the weather they did not begin to disembark till the morning of the 8th. In order to oppose the landing of the British forces, about 4000 of the French had marched from Alexandria, and taken their station on the heights of Aboukir; thus an action soon took place between the hostile armies, but after about two hours fighting the republicans retreated, and they were pursued to the walls of Alexandria. Passing over the skirmishing occurrences of the few following days, an action of the utmost moment took place on the 21st of March, when the French advanced with their whole force, amounting to 11,000 men, and attacked the British, about four miles from Alexandria, two hours before day-break. They commenced by a false attack on the left of the British army, but were still more desirous to have turned the right of their opponents, which they attempted in vain. Nor were they more successful in their attack upon the central division. The conflict, however, was obstinate and bloody; and though the French were completely defeated, with the loss of 3000 men killed and wounded (among whom were three generals; Roize, who was left dead on the field, and Lanusse and Rodet, who both died of their wounds soon after), this was not effected without considerable loss on the part of the British, who had soon to lament the death of their illustrious commander. The brave general Abercromby 'was mortally wounded early in the action, but continued delivering his orders with that coolness and perspicuity which ever distinguished him. His situation was not known till after the battle, when, having fainted with loss of blood, he was carried on board lord Keith's ship, where he died eight days after the

1811 he invited the Mamelukes to Cairo, and butchered them all in the citadel) has materially improved the resources of this fine country, and seems to be rapidly assimilating it to its ancient fruitfulness and prosperity. Cairo was sacked at this time by his troops, and every Mameluke in the provinces was put to death. It is said, in extenuation of this massacre, that he had received orders from Constantinople to exterminate this corps, who had at all times been troublesome, and who might take advantage of the absence of the pacha's army, a great part of which was required in Arabia for the subjugation of the Wahabees. He knew, too, that the beys were in correspondence with his enemies. Mohammed, however, could not but be gratified at the reception of such an order, the execution of which would rid him of doubtful friends and powerful enemies; and so little compunction did he feel on the occasion, that, we are told by M. Mengin, on being informed that he was reproached by all traveliers in their narratives, for this treacherous and inhuman massacre, he replied that he would have a picture of it painted, together with one of the death of the duc d'Enghien, and leave posterity to judge which was the more barbarous.

engagement, in which, like Epaminondas, and
like Wolfe, he lost his life, after having led on his
soldiers to a glorious victory.' Had it not been
for the inferiority of the British cavalry (the
wretched horses they were obliged to purchase at
Marmorice Bay) to that of the enemy, whose re-
treat was also covered with cannon on the top of
the hills, British valor would have this day com-
pleted the purpose for which it was displayed
in this quarter. But general (since lord) Hut-
chinson, succeeding the gallant Abercromby as
commander in chief of the British forces, was
now to direct them to the expulsion or the ex-
cision of the French. The town and castle of
Rosetta were taken by a division of the British
army under colonel Spencer, aided by a body
of the Turks; and early in May a strong de-
tachment was sent against Cairo. On the 19th
of the same month the French were attacked
near Ramanieh, by a body of the Turks assisted
by the British when they were repulsed, and
obliged to retire towards Cairo; and about the
middle of June the city of Cairo was invested
on all sides by the united forces of the British
and the grand vizier. On the 22nd of June
the garrison of Cairo sent a flag of truce to the
British general, and, after a negociation of several
days, a convention was agreed to, by which the
French troops at Cairo and its dependencies
were to be conveyed in ships of the allied
powers, and at their expense, together with their
baggage, arms, ammunition, and effects, to the
nearest French ports in the Mediterranean.
Alexandria held out some time longer, and
Menou had resolved on defending it to the last,
but he was soon obliged to surrender, upon the
conditions of the convention of Cairo, for him-
self and the army under his command; and thus
the whole of Egypt was left in the possession of
the allies. After the evacuation of Egypt, by the
French, the English endeavoured to effect a re-
conciliation between the Mamelukes and the
Turks, to restore the former government of the
country but the Turks treacherously assas-
sinating a number of the beys, the remainder
fled into Upper Egypt, and the Porte, being un-
able to subdue them, concluded a treaty with
them, allowing them the possession of that part
of the country. In consequence, however, of
mutinies and intestine contentions among the
Turkish troops, the Mamelukes soon returned
into Lower Egypt, making the country a scene
of anarchy and confusion, alternately ravaged
by the contending parties. A small body of
British troops, under the command of general,
Fraser, again landed on the coast of Egypt, on
the 17th of March 1807, to whom the town and
fortress of Alexandria surrendered on the 21st
of the same month, though they were afterwards,
unfortunate; but as this enterprise took place in
consequence of a rupture betwixt Britain and
the Ottoman Porte, through the ascendancy of
the French ambassador in the Turkish councils,
it will fall more properly to be noticed under
the article TURKEY.

At this period Mohammed Aly, the present pacha of Egypt, had recently been invested with that authority. He is a singular despot who, beginning his career in blood (for in the year

Mohammed now turned his attention to the state of the war carrying on in Arabia against the Wahabees. His son, whom he left in command, had taken from them the city of Medina, the keys of which the pacha sent the Porte, with large presents of coffee, money, and jewels. He now also thought it time to pay his devotions at the shrine of Mecca. At Jeddah he was received with all kindness and hospitality by the shereef Ghaleb; in return for which, either through avarice, as some think, or, as others say, on discovery that the shereef was acting a double part, he secretly ordered his son Toussoun to seize and convey him to Cairo; while he plundered his palace of immense treasures, a part of which he applied to the support of the army, and, as usual, shared a part with his master, the Porte.

The pacha then entered upon one of his favorite projects, that of training his troops after the European system. This occasioned, in the first instance, a general conspiracy of the agas and chiefs against his authority, and the conspirators broke at once into the city, plundering the bazaars and spreading universal terror: the pacha with some difficulty quelled this revolt, and, remunerating the inhabitants of Cairo, suspended the execution of his scheme. His son, Ibrahim Pacha, having succeeded in completely subduing the Wahabees, to signalise the event he assembled the whole of the pilgrims from Egypt and Syria on Mount Arafat, where with great solemnity, and in conformity with a vow which he had made in case of success, he sacrificed 3000 sheep, and largely distributed alms in Mecca; he then departed for Cairo, and on his arrival received the honors of a triumph. On this occasion Mohammed also received rich presents from the grand signior, and compliments on his splendid victories.

The viceroy was now at liberty to turn his attention to the south, and to bring the whole

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