with the same violence with which it came. At half an hour after eleven came a second wave, and after that four other remarkable ones; the first at ten minutes before twelve, the second half an hour before one; the third ten minutes after one; and the fourth ten minutes before two. Similar waves, but smaller, and gradually lessening, continued with uncertain intervals till the evening. At Gibraltar the earthquake was not felt till after ten. It began with a tremulous motion of the earth, which lasted about half a minute. Then followed a violent shock: after that a trembling of the earth for five or six seconds; then another shock not so violent as the first, which went off gradually as it began. The whole lasted about two minutes. Some of the guns on the battery were seen to rise, others to sink, the earth having an undulating motion. Most people were seized with giddiness and sickness, and some fell down; others were stupified and many that were walking or riding felt no motion in the earth, but were sick. The sea rose six feet every fifteen minutes; and then fell so low, that boats and all the small craft near the shore were left aground, with numbers of small fish. The flux and reflux lasted till next morning, having decreased gradually from 2 P.M. At Madrid the earthquake came on at the same time as at Gibraltar, and lasted about six minutes. At first every body thought they were seized with a swimming in their heads; and afterwards that the houses were falling. It was not felt in coaches, nor by those who walked on foot, except very slightly; and no accident happened, except that two lads were killed by the fall of a stone cross from the porch of a church. At Magala a violent shock was felt, the bells rung in the steeples; the water of a well overflowed, and as suddenly retired. Saint Lucar (at the mouth of the Guadalquivir) was violently shocked, and the sea broke in and did much mischief. At Seville (sixteen leagues above) several houses were shaken down; the famous tower of the cathedral, La Giralda, opened in the four sides; and the waters were so violently agitated, that all the vessels in the river were driven ashore.

This earthquake was also felt almost as severely in Africa as it had been in Europe. Great part of Algiers was destroyed. At Arzilla (a town in Fez), about 10 A. M. the sea suddenly rose with such impetuosity, that it lifted up a vessel in the bay, and dropped it with such force on the land, that it was broken to pieces; and a boat was found two musket shot within land from the sea. At Fez and Mequinez, great numbers of houses fell, and multitudes of people were buried in the ruins. At Morocco, by the falling of houses, many people lost their lives: and about eight leagues from the city the earth opened and swallowed up a village with all the inhabitants, who were known by the name of the Sons of Besumba, to the number of about 8000 or 10,000 persons, together with all their cattle, &c., and, soon after, the earth closed again in the same manner as before. At Sallee, a great deal of damage was done. Near a third part of the houses were overthrown; the waters rushed into the city with great rapidity, and left behind

them great quantities of fish. At Tangier th earthquake began at 10 A. M. and lasted ten or twelve minutes. The sea came up to the walls (a thing never heard of before), and went down immediately with the same rapidity with which it arose, leaving a great quantity of fish behind it. These commotions were repeated eighteen times, and lasted till 6 P. M. At Tetuan the earthquake began at the same time it did at Tangier, but lasted only seven or eight minutes. There were three shocks so extremely violent, that it was feared the whole city would be destroyed. In the city of Funchal, in the island of Madeira, a shock of this earthquake was first perceived at thirty-eight minutes past 9 A.M. It commenced with a rumbling noise in the air, like that of empty carriages passing hastily over a stone pavement. The observers felt the floor immediately after move with a tremulous motion, vibrating very quickly. The shock continued more than a minute; during which space the vibrations, though continual, were weakened and increased in force twice very sensibly. The increase after the first remission of the shock was the most intense. The noise in the air accompanied the shock during the whole of its continuance, and lasted some seconds after the motion of the earth had ceased; dying away like a peal of distant thunder rolling through the air. At three quarters past ten, the sea, which was quite calm, it being a fine day and no wind stirring, retired suddenly some paces; then rising with a great swell, without the least noise, and as suddenly advancing, overflowed the shore, and entered the city. It rose fifteen feet perpendicular above the high water mark, although the tide, which flows there seven feet, was then at half ebb. The water immediately receded; and after having fluctuated four or five times between high and low water mark, it subsided, and the sea remained calm as before. In the northern part of the island the inundation was more violent, the sea there retiring above 100 paces at first, and suddenly returning, overflowed the shore, forcing open doors, breaking down the walls of several magazines and storehouses, leaving great quantities of fish ashore, and in the streets of the village of Machico. All this was the effect of one rising of the sea, for it never afterwards flowed high enough to reach the highwater mark. It continued, however, to fluctuate here much longer before it subsided than at Funchal; and in some places farther to the westward, it was hardly, if at all, perceptible.

Such were the phenomena with which this remarkable earthquake was attended in those places where it was violent. The effects of it, however, reached to an immense distance; and were perceived chiefly by the agitations of the waters, or some slight motion of the earth. The utmost boundaries of this earthquake to the south are unknown; the barbarity of the African nations rendering it impossible to procure any intelligence from them, except where the effects were dreadful. On the north, however, we are as sured, that it reached as far as Norway and Sweden. In the former, the waters of several rivers and lakes were violently agitated. In the latter, shocks were felt in several provinces, and

ll the rivers and lakes were strongly agitated, especially in Dalecarlia. The river Dala suddenly overflowed its banks, and as suddenly retired. At the same time a lake three miles distant, which had no communication with it, bubbled up with great violence. At Fahlun, a town in Dalecarlia, several strong shocks were felt.

Shocks of this great earthquake were felt in several places of France: commotions of the waters were observed at Angoulesme, Bleville, Havre de Grace, &c.; but considerable shocks were felt at Bayonne, Bourdeaux, and Lyons. In many places of Germany its effects were also very perceptible, and throughout the duchy of Holstein. In Brandenburg, the water of a lake called Libsec, ebbed and flowed six times in half an hour, with a dreadful noise, the weather being then perfectly calm. The same agitation was observed in the waters of the lakes Muplgast and Netzo; and at this last place they emitted an intolerable stench. In Holland, the agitations were more remarkable. At Alphen on the Rhine, between Leyden and Woerden, in the afternoon of November 1st, the waters were agitated to such a degree, that buoys were broken from their chains, large vessels snapped their cables, smaller ones were thrown out of the water upon the land, and others lying on land were set afloat. At Amsterdam, about 11 A. M., the air being perfectly calm, the waters were suddenly agitated in the canals, so that several boats broke loose; chandeliers were observed to vibrate in the churches; but no motion of the earth, or concussion of any building was observed. At Leyden also, between half an hour after 10 and 11 A. M., the waters rose suddenly in the canals, and made several perceptible undulations. Round the island of Corsica, the sea was violently agitated, and most of the rivers of the island overflowed their banks. Throughout the Milanese, shocks were felt; at Turin there was felt a very violent one, and in Switzerland many rivers turned suddenly muddy without rain. The lake of Neufchatel swelled near two feet above its natural level for a few hours. An agitation was also perceived in the waters of the lake of Zurich. At the island of Antigua, there was such a sea without the bar as had not been known in the memory of man; and after it the water at the wharfs, which used to be six feet deep, was not two inches. At Barbadoes, about 2 P. M. the sea ebbed and flowed in an unusual manner; ran over the wharfs and streets into the houses, and continued thus ebbing and flowing till ten at night.

This agitation of waters was perceived in various parts of Great Britain. At Barlborough, in Derbyshire, between 11 and 12 A. M., in a boat house on the west side of a large body of water called Pibley dam, was heard a surprising and terrible noise; a large swell of water came in a current from the south, and rose two feet on the sloped dam-head at the north end of the water. It then subsided; but returned immediately, though with less violence. The water was thus agitated for three quarters of an hour; growing gradually weaker and weaker every time, till it entirely ceased. At Bushbridge and

Cobham in Surry, at Dunstall in Suffolk, in Oxfordshire, Derbyshire, and near the city of Durham, at half after ten in the morning, the like phenomena are recorded to have appeared. At Eyam-bridge, in the Peak of Derby, the overseer of the lead mines, sitting in his writing room about eleven o'clock, felt a sudden shock, which raised him from his chair, and shook the plaster from the sides of the room. The roof was so violently shaken, that he imagined the engine shaft had been falling in. At this time two miners were employed in carting, or drawing along the drifts of the mines, the ore and other materials to be raised up at the shafts. The drift in which they were working was about 120 yards deep, and the space from one end to the other fifty yards or upwards. The miner at the end of the drift had just loaded his cart, and was drawing it along; when he was surprised by a shock, which terrified him from his employment, and while he was consulting with his fellow-workmen what means they should take for their safety, they were surprised by a second shock more violent than the first. Another miner who worked about twelve yards below, told them that the violence of the second shock had been so great, that it caused the rocks to grind upon one another. His account was interrupted by a third shock, which, after an interval of four or five minutes, was succeeded by a fourth; and, about the same space of time after, by a fifth; none of which were so violent as the second. They heard, after every shock, a loud rumbling in the bowels of the earth, which continued about half a minute, gradually decreasing, or seeming to remove to a greater distance. At White Rock in Glamorganshire, about two hours ebb of the tide, and near three quarters after 6 P. M., a vast quantity of water rushed up with a prodigious noise; floated two large vessels, the least of them above 200 tons; broke their moorings, drove them across the river, and almost overset them. The whole rise and fall of this extraordinary body of water did not last above ten minutes, nor was it felt in any other part of the river, so that it seemed to have gushed out of the earth at that very place. At Loch Lomond in Scotland, about half an hour after 9 A. M., all of a sudden, without the least gust of wind, the water rose against its banks with great rapidity, but immediately subsided, till it was as low as any person then present had ever seen it in the greatest summer drought. Instantly it returned towards the shore, and in five minutes rose again as high as before. The agitation continued at the same rate till fifteen minutes after 10 A. M. taking five minutes to rise, and as many to subside. From fifteen minutes after ten till eleven, the height of every rise came somewhat short of that immediately preceding, taking five minutes to flow, and as many to ebb, till the water was entirely settled. The greatest perpendicular height of this swell was two feet four inches. A still more remarkable phenomenon attending the earthquake in this lake was,, that a large stone lying at some distance from shore, but in water so shallow that it could easily be seen, was forced out of its place in the lake upon dry land, leaving a deep furrow in the

ground all along the way in which it had moved. In Loch Ness, about half an hour after nine, a very great agitation was observed in the water. About ten the river Oich, which runs on the north side of Fort Augustus, into the head of the loch, was observed to swell very much, and run upwards from the loch with a pretty high wave, about two or three feet higher than the ordinary surface. The motion of the wave was against the wind, and it proceeded rapidly for about 200 yards up the river. It then broke on a shallow, and flowed three or four feet on the banks, after which it returned gently to the loch. It continued ebbing and flowing in this manner for about an hour.

In Ireland the effects of this earthquake were confined to remarkable agitations of the water, similar to those already described.

The above are the most striking phenomena with which the earthquake of November 1st, 1755, was attended on the surface of the earth. Those which happened below ground cannot be known but by the changes observed in springs &c., which were in many places very remarkable. At Colares, on the afternoon of the 31st of October, the water of a fountain was greatly decreased: on the morning of the 1st of November it ran very muddy; and, after the earthquake, returned to its usual state both as to quantity and clearness. On the hills, numbers of rocks were split; and there were several rents in the ground, but none considerable. In some places where formerly there had been no water, springs burst forth, which continued to run. Some of the largest mountains in Portugal were impetuously shaken as it were from their foundation; most of them opened at their summits, split and rent in a wonderful manner, and huge masses of them were thrown down into the subjacent valleys. From the rock Alvidar, near the hill Fojo, a kind of parapet was broken off, which was thrown up from its foundation into the sea. At Varge, on the river Macaas, during the earthquake, many springs of water burst forth, some spouted up eighteen or twenty feet, throwing up sand of various colors, which remained on the ground. A mountainous point, seven or eight leagues from St. Ube's, cleft asunder, and threw off several vast masses of rock. In Barbary a large hill was rent in two; the two halves fell different ways, and ouried two large towns. In another place, a mountain burst open and a stream issued from it as red as blood. At Tangier, all the fountains were dried up, so that there was no water to be had till night. A remarkable change was observed in the medicinal waters of Toplitz, a village in Bohemia famous for its baths. These waters were discovered in 762; from which time the principal spring of them had constantly thrown out hot water in the same quantity, and of the same quality. On the morning of the earthquake, between 11 and 12 A. M. the principal spring cast forth such a quantity of water, that in half an hour all the baths ran over. About half an hour before this, the spring had flowed turbid and muddy; then, having stopped entirely for a minute, it broke forth again with prodigious violence, driving before it a considerable quantity

of reddish ochre. After this it became clear and flowed as pure as before. It still continues, to do so; but the water is in greater quantity, and hotter, than before the earthquake. At Angoulesme in France, a subterraneous noise like thunder was heard; and presently after the earth opened, and discharged a torrent of water mixed with red sand. Most of the springs in the neighbourhood sunk in such a manner, that for some time they were thought to be quite dry. In Britain no considerable alteration was observed in the earth, except that, near the lead mine in Derbyshire, a cleft was observed about a foot deep, six inches wide, and 150 yards in length.

The shocks of this earthquake were felt most violently at sea. Off St. Lucar, the captain of the Nancy frigate felt his ship so violently shaken, that he thought she had struck the ground; but, on heaving the lead, found he was in a great depth of water. Captain Clark from Denia, in N. lat. 36° 24', between 9 and 10 A. M., had his ship shaken and strained as if she had struck upon a rock, so that the seams of the deck opened, and the compass was overturned in the binnacle. The master of a vessel bound to the American Islands, being in N. lat. 25o, W. long. 40°, and writing in his cabin, heard a violent noise, as he supposed, in the steerage; and shortly after the ship seemed as if she had been suddenly jerked up and suspended by a rope fastened to the mast head. Coming on deck, he found a violent current crossing the ship's way to the leeward. In about a minute, this current returned with great impetuosity, and, at a league distant, three craggy-pointed rocks appeared throwing up water of various colors resembling fire. These phenomena, in two minutes, ended in a black cloud, which ascended very heavily, and after it had risen above the horizon, no rocks were to be seen. Between 9 and 10 A. M. another ship, forty leagues west of St. Vincent, was so strongly agitated, that the anchors, which were lashed, were thrown up. Immediately after this, the ship sunk in the water as low as the main chains. The lead showed a great depth of water, and the line was tinged of a yellow color and smelt of sulphur. The shock lasted about ten minutes, but they felt smaller ones for twenty-four hours. Such were the phenomena of this very remarkable and destructive earthquake, which extended over a tract of at least 4,000,000 of square miles.

The earthquakes, which in 1783 ruined a great part of Italy and Sicily, though much more confined in their extent, than that of 1755, seem to have been not at all inferior in violence. Sir William Hamilton thus states their effects, 'If on a map of Italy, and with your compass on the scale of Italian miles you measure off twenty-two,' says this writer, and then fixing the central point in the city of Oppido, form a circle, the radii of which will be twenty-two miles; you will include all the towns, villages, &c., that have been utterly ruined, the spots where the greatest mortality happened, and where there have been the most visible alterations on the face of the earth: then extend your compass on the same scale to seventy-two miles, preserving the same centre, and form another circle, you will include the

whole country that has any mark of having been affected by the earthquake.' A circumstance was remarked in which this earthquake differed from others, viz. that if two towns were situated at an equal distance from this centre, one on the hill, the other on the plain. or in a bottom, the latter always suffered most. From the most authentic accounts received by the king of Sicily's secretary of state, it appeared that the part of Calabria which had been most affected by this calamity, was comprehended between 38° and 39° of N. lat.; that the greatest force of the earthquake had been exerted from the foot of those mountains of the Apennines called Dijo, Sacro, and Caulene, extending west to the Tyrrhene sea; that the towns, villages and farm-houses nearest these mountains, situated either on the hills or the plain, were totally ruined by the shock of the 5th of February about noon; that even the more distant towns had been greatly damaged by the subsequent shocks of the earthquakes, and effectually by those of the 7th, 26th, and 28th, of February, and that of the 1st of March; that from the first shock of the 5th of February, the earth had been in a continual tremor; and that the motion of the earth had been either whirling like a vortex, horizontal, or by pulsations, or by beatings from the bottom upwards. This variety of motions increased the apprehensions of the miserable inhabitants, who expected every moment that the earth would open under their feet, and swallow them up. These phenomena had been attended with irregular and furious gusts of wind: and from all these causes, the face of that part of Calabria comprehended between 38° and 39° was entirely altered. See CALABRIA. The number of lives lost was estimated at 32,367; but Sir William Hamilton is of opinion, that, including strangers, it could not be less than 40,000. The fate of the inhabitants of Scilla was extremely affecting. On the first shock of the earthquake, February 5th, they had fled to the sea-shore, where they hoped for safety; but in the night a furious wave overflowed the land for three miles, sweeping off in its return 2473 of the inhabitants, among whom was the prince himself, who were at that time either on the strand, or in boats near the shore.

Sir William Hamilton landed on the 6th of May at Pizzo in Calabria Ultra. This town is situated on a volcanic tufa, and had been greatly damaged by the earthquake of February 5th, but completely ruined by that of the 28th March. He was told that the volcano of Stromboli, which is in full view of the town, though distant about fifty miles, had smoked less and thrown up a smaller quantity of inflamed matter during the earthquakes, than it had done for some years before; and that slight shocks still continued to be felt. Sir William had soon a convincing proof that this last information was true; for, sleeping that night in his boat, he was awakened with a smart shock, which seemed to lift up the bottom of the boat, but was not attended with any subterraneous noise. From Pizzo he passed through a most beautiful country to Monteleone, formerly interspersed with towns and villages: but at that time they all lay in ruins. Monteleone had suffured little on the 5th of February, but was greatly damaged on the 28th of March. The

shocks of the earthquake came with a rumbling noise from the west, beginning usually with the horizontal motion, and ending with the vorticose, by which last the greatest part of the buildings in this province were destroyed. Before a shock the clouds seemed to be still and motionless, but, immediately after a heavy shower of rain, a shock quickly followed. During a shock, the peasants told him that the horses and oxen extended their legs wide asunder, that they might not be thrown down; and that they gave evident signs of being sensible of its approach. 'I myself,' says he, have observed, that, in those parts which have suffered most by earthquakes, the braying of an ass, the neighing of a horse, or the cackling of a goose, always drove people out of their barracks, and was the occasion of many Pater Nosters and Ave Marias being repeated, in expectation of a shock.' From Monteleone he descended into the plain, passing through many towns and villages which had been more or less ruined according to their vicinity to the plain. The town of Mileto had not a house left standing. At some distance he saw Soriano, and the Dominican convent, a heap of ruins. Passing through the ruined town of St. Pietro, in his way to Rosarno, he had a distant view of Sicily and the summit of Etna, which then sent forth a considerable smoke. Just before his arrival at Rosarno, he passed over a swampy plain, in many parts of which he was shown small hollows in the earth, of the shape of an inverted cone. They were covered with sand, as was the soil near them. He was informed that, during the earthquake of February 5th, a fountain of water, mixed with sand, had been driven up from each of these spots to a considerable height. Before this appearance, he said, the river was dry; but soon after returned and overflowed its banks. The same phenomenon had been constant with respect to all other rivers in the plain, during the dreadful shock of the 5th of February. In the other parts where this phenomenon had been exhibited, the ground was always low and rushy. Between this place and Rosarno they passed the river Metauro on a strong timber bridge, 700 palms long. By the cracks made in the banks and in the bed of the river by the earthquake, it was quite separated in one part; and, the level on which the piers were placed having been variously altered, the bridge had taken an undulated form, so that the rail on each side was curiously scolloped ; but, the separated parts having been joined again, it was then passable. The town of Rosarno, with the duke of Monteleone's palace, was entirely ruined; but . the walls remained about six feet high, and were at that time fitting up as barracks. The only building that remained unhurt at Rosarno was the town gaol, in which were three notorious villains, who would probably have lost their lives if they had remained at liberty. From Rosarno Sir William proceeded to Laureana, where he was conducted to the place where two tenements were said to have exchanged situations. These were situated in a valley surrounded by high grounds: and the surface of the earth which was removed, had probably been undermined by rivulets from the mountains, ther plainly discernible on the bare spot, which the