novaria, in the twelfth Iter of Antoninus. Many Roman coins have been found at Dorchester; the military way called Jenning Street passed through it; and some vestiges of the ancient stone wall with which it was surrounded, and of the amphitheatre with which it was adorned, are still visible. The country of the Durotriges was included in the Roman province called Flavia Cæsariensis, and governed by the president of that province, as long as the Romans kept any footing in these parts. DURY (John), usually called Duræus, a learned and sanguine divine of the seventeenth century, who, conceiving the project of a union of the reformed churches, obtained leave to travel from place to place in order to bring about this event. He was a native of Scotland, and obtained the countenance of archbishop Laud, and the prelates Bedell and Hall; but, although he met with encouragement in various parts of the continent, it is needless to say that he failed in his plans. And after this he undertook an explanation of the Apocalypse, which was to reunite every order of Christians. He died in 1675. DUSK, adj., n. s., v.a. & v. n.~ DUSK'ILY, adv. DUSK'ISH, adj. DUSK'ISHLY, adv. Sued.-Goth. dyster; Goth. daucks; Dut. dugster; Teut. dus; Gr. dao from daoug, thick, and oria, shadow. Dark; gloomy in color or general appearance; tendency to darkness; to make or grow dark. Dusked his eyen too, and failled his breath. κιος, Chaucer. From his infernal furnace forth he threw Here lies the dusky torch of Mortimer, It is not green, but of a dusky brown colour. While he continues in life, this dusky scene of hor- By mixing such powders, we are not to expect a strong and full white, such as is that of paper; but some dusky obscure one, such as might arise from a mixture of light and darkness, or from white and black; that is, a grey, or dun, or russet brown. Newton's Opticks. Less bold, Leander at the dusky hour Lo! dusky masses steal in dubious sight Of the armed river, while with straggling light Which curl in curious wreaths. DUSSARA, a fortified town of Hindostan, in the province of Gujerat. It is surrounded with twelve villages, and is the property of a Mahommedan zemindar, of Arabian descent. One of his ancestors who was put to death about A. D. 1209, by the rajah of Hulwad, for having committed gowhattia (cow-killing), is held in great veneration as a saint, by the adjacent Mahommedan inhabitants. His tomb is on the banks of a large tank in the neighbourhood, which is well cultivated. A force of about 2000 excellent cavalry is maintained here. DUSSAULX (John), a French writer, born at Chartres in 1728. He was a military man in early life, but quitted the army for literary pursuits. At the beginning of the revolution he became a member of the convention; and of the council of ancients. Bacon. He died in 1799. His works are, 1. A Translation of Juvenal, 8vo. 2. De la Passion de Jeu, 8vo. 3. Sur la Suppression des Jeux de Hazard. 4. Eloge de l'Abbé Blanches. 5. Memoire sur les Satiriques Latins. 6. Voyage à Barrege, et dans les hautes Pyrennées, 8vo. 7. Mes rapports avec J.J. Rousseau, 8vo. The sawdust burned fair, till part of the candle consumed the dust gathering about the snast, made the snast to burn duskily. Id. Natural History. Sight is not contented with sudden departments from one extreme to another; therefore rather a duskish tincture than an absolute black. Wotton's Architecture. Only, may the Good Spirit of the Almighty speedily dispell all those dushy prejudices from the minds of men, which may hinder them from discerning so clear a light. Bp. Hall. Letter from the Tower. The hills, to their supply, Vapour and exhalation, dusk and moist, Sent up amain. Milton's Paradise Lost. Some sprinkled freckles on his face were seen, Whose dusk set off the whiteness of the skin. Dryden There fierce winds o'er dusky valleys blow, Through the plains of one continual day, The surface is of a dusky yellow colour. Woodward. DUSSELDORF, or DUSSELDORP, a city of Westphalia, now belonging to Prussia, in the duchy of Berg, situated on the river Dussel, near its confluence with the Rhine. It is strong and well built, the elector palatine having in the early part of the eighteenth century exempted from taxes for thirty years whoever should build a house within its walls. It was taken by the French in September 1795, when the castle was greatly damaged; but it has since been repaired, and contains a celebrated gallery of paintings, which after being removed, and for some time kept at Munich, was brought back here. It is said to comprise the chef d'œuvres of Rubens, Vandyk, Vanderwerf, and the Flemish masters. Here are also several elegant churches, an excellent market-place, extensive barracks, and pleasant public walks. Dusseldorf has the academy removed hither from Duisburg in 1806, and a school for painting: it has also a collection of casts, a physical cabinet, and a mechanographic establishment. Corn, and the local manufactures of cloth, paper-hangings, glass, and leather are its chief articles of trade. Population about 19,000. The fortifications were demolished after the peace of Luneville in 1801. It became, in 1806, the residence of the grand duke of Berg, and the seat of his government; but, in 1815, it was made over with the rest of that state to Prussia, and is now the capital of a circle with 364,000 inhabitants. Twenty miles N.N.W. of Cologne, thirty north-east of Aix-laChapelle, and sixty-two south-west of Munster. DUST, n. s. & v. a. Goth. and Sax. dust; DUST MAN, n. s. Dan. dyst; Belg. doust; DUST'Y, adj. Erse, duúst. Earth, or earthy matter; hence a mean, low state; the grave: to scatter, and to free from, dust. And whanne thei crieden and kesten awei her clothis and threwen dust into the eir, the tribune commaundide him to be led into the castels and to be betun with scourgis. Wiclif. Dedis. 22. God raised up the poor out of the dust, to set them among princes. 1 Sam. ii. 8. Shakspeare. All our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. The sceptre, learning, physick, must All follow this, and come to dust. Id. Cymbeline. Dust helpeth the fruitfulness of trees, insomuch as they cast dust upon them: that powdering, when a shower cometh, maketh a soiling to the tree, being earth and water finely laid on. Bacon's Natural History. A good heart will rather lie in the dust, than rise by wickedness. Bp. Hall. Contemplations. Thou Out of the ground wast taken, know thy birth; For dust thou art, and shalt to dust return. Milton. Proclaim the truth, say what is man! His body from the dust began; And when a few short years are o'er, Cotton. Visions in Verse. Arms and the dusty fields I less admire, And soften strangely in some new desire. Dryden. And therefore I am no more troubled and disturbed with all the dust that is raised against it, than I should be to see from the top of a high steeple, where I had clear air and sunshine, a company of great boys or little boys (for it is all one) throw up the dust in the air, which reached not me, but fell down in their own eyes. Locke. Vain wretch, suppress thy knowing pride, Mortify thy learned lust : Vain are thy thoughts while thou thyself art dust. Prior. The dustman's cart offends thy clothes and eyes, When through the street a cloud of ashes flies. Even Drudgery himself, As at the car he sweats, or dusty hews The palace stone, looks gay. Gay. Thomson's Summer. When stretched in dust her gasping panthers lie, And writhed in foamy folds her serpents die. Darwin. DUTCHESS, Fr. duchesse; Ital. ducessa ; from the low Latin formation (ducissa) of dux, ducis, a general. The lady of a duke. For certes, lord, ther n' is non of us alle That she n' hath ben a duchesse or a queene; Now be we caitives, as it is wel sene. Chaucer. Cunt. Tales. The duke of Cornwall, and Regan his dutchess, will be here. Shakspeare. King Lear. The duke was to command the army, and the dutchess, by the favor she possessed, to be near her majesty. Swift. The gen'rous god who wit and gold refines, Kept dross for dutchesses, the world shall know it, DUTCHESS COUNTY, a county of New York, on the east side of Hudson River. It has the state of Connecticut on the east, West Chester It is about forty-eight miles long and twentyon the south, and Colombia county on the north. three broad, and contains fifteen town-ships, of which Poughkeepsie and Fish-Kill are the chief. Dutchess county sends seven representatives to the assembly of the state. In 1792 a remarkable cavern was discovered in the county, at a place called by the Indians Sepascot, at Rhynbeck. The northern part is mountainous, and the eastern hilly, with occasional lofty summits, while the remainder presents a surface much broken. Its agriculture is in the most improved state, and in manufactures it has also made considerable progress. Iron ore abounds, and some ores of copper, zinc, tin, lead, and silver, have been found. DUTCHY, n. s. Fr. duché. The territory of a duke. Different states border on it: the kingdom of France, the dutchy of Savoy, and the canton of Bern. Addison on Italy. France might have swallowed up his whole dutchy. Swift. In DUTENS (Louis), was born in France in 1729, and obtained orders in the church of England; he was appointed chaplain to the embassy at Turin, where he also held for some time the situation of chargé des affaires. 1766 he published at Paris his Recherches sur l'Origine des Decouvertes, of which a translation soon appeared in London. The same year he thumberland. In 1768 he travelled with lord was presented to the rectory of Elsdon in NorAlgernon Percy; and while abroad published an edition of Leibnitz, in 6 vols. 4to. He died in 1812. He published besides the above: 1. Explications des quelques Medailles des Grecques et Pheniciennes, 4to. 2. Journal d'un Voyage aux Villes Principales de l'Europe. 3. Histoire de ce qui s'est passe pour etablissement d'une Regence en Angleterre, 8vo. 4. Recherches sur le tems reculé de l'usage des Voûtes chez les Ancieus. 5. Memoires d'un Voyageur, 5 vols. : this he likewise published in English. He also wrote the French text of the second volume of the Marlborough Gems. DUTTAR, a district of the Seik territories, Hindostan, in the province of Lahore, situated between the thirty-first and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. The chief towns are Begwarah, Horizpoor, and Malpoorah. DUTY, in the military art, is the exercise of those functions that belong to a soldier; with this distinction, that mounting guard and the like, where there is no enemy directly to be engaged, is called duty; but marching to meet and fight an enemy is called going on service. DUTY, in polity and commerce, signifies the impost laid on merchandises, at importation or exportation, commonly called the duties of customs; also the taxes of excise, stamp-duties, &c. Peculiar duties once laid upon aliens are now repealed. See CUSTOMS. DUVAL (Valentine Jamerai), a person of uncommon natural talents and singular fortune, born in the province of Champagne, in 1695. After serving a farmer and shepherd several years, when about eighteen years of age he became keeper of the cattle belonging to hermits of St. Anne, near Luneville. Here he took every opportunity of purchasing books, with what money he received, and attending to the instructions of these brothers, under whom he made a rapid progress in his studies. In this situation, he was accidentally discovered by two noblemen, while he was studying geography, under a tree, and they were so pleased with his conversation, that they introduced him to the duke of Lorraine, who placed him in the college of Pont a' Mousson. The duke afterwards appointed him his librarian, and gave him the professorship of history in the academy of Luneville. He now gratefully remembered his original benefactors by rebuilding the hermitage of St. Anne, and adding a chapel and some ground to it. In 1738 he followed the grand duke Francis to Florence, and on the marriage of that prince, with the heiress of the house of Austria, he accompanied him to Vienna, where the emperor took a great delight in his conversation, and made him keeper of his cabinet of medals. He died in 1775. DUUMVIRATE, the office or dignity of the duumviri. See the next article. The duumvirate lasted till A. U. C. 388, when it was changed into a decemvirate. See DECEMVIRI. DUUMVIRI, in Roman antiquity, a general appellation given to magistrates, commissioners, and officers, where two were joined together in the same functions: such as, 1. Duumviri capitales, the judges in criminal causes. From their sentence it was lawful to appeal to the people, who alone had the power of condemning a citizen to death. These were taken from the body of the decuriones: they had great power and authority, were members of the public council, and had two lictors to walk before them. 2. Duumviri municipales, two magistrates in some cities of the empire, answering to what the consuls were at Rome. They were chosen out of the body of the decuriones; their office lasted commonly five years, upon which account they were frequently termed quinquennales magistratus. Their jurisdiction was of great extent; they had officers who walked before them, carrying a small switch in their hands; and some of them assumed the privilege of having lictors, carrying axes and the fasces, or bundies of rods, before them. 3. Duumviri navales, two commissaries of the fleet, first created at the request of M. Decius, tribune of the people, in the time of the war with the Samnites. Their duty consisted in giving order for the fitting out of ships, giving commissions to marine officers, &c. 4. Duumviri sacrorum, two magistrates created by Tarquin II. for performing the sacrifices, and keeping the Sibyls' books. They were chosen from among the patricians, and held their office for life; they were exempted from serving in the wars, and from the offices imposed on the other citizens; and without them the oracles of the Sibyls could not be consulted. DUXBOROUGH, a town of Massachusetts, in Plymouth county, with a harbour for small vessels, and a light-house at the south extremity of the beach. It is situated south by east of Plymouth, three miles across Plymouth Bay. DUYIVELAND, DUYVELAND, or DIVELAND, an island of the late Batavian republic, in the department of the Meuse, and ci-devant province of Zealand, lying south-east of Schonen, from which it is separated by a narrow channel. It is nine miles long from west to east, and six broad. DWARACA (the gate), a town and celebrated temple in the province of Gujrat, Hindostan, situated at the south-west extremity of the Peninsula. It has twenty-one dependent villages belonging to Dwaraca, containing 2560 houses, and a population of about 10,240 souls subject to it. This place is, at present, possessed by Mooloo Manick, who is more powerful than any other of the Oacka chieftains. The sacredness of the place attracts a rich and numerous population, and presents a safe asylum from danger. By an agreement of the 14th of December, 1807, Mooloo Manick Sumyanee, of Dwaraca, engaged with the British government not to permit, instigate, or connive at any act of piracy committed by any person under his authority; and also to abstain from plundering vessels in distress. On their part, the British engaged to afford the temple at Dwaraca every suitable protection and encouragement; a free and open commerce to be permitted to vessels paying the regulated duties. The original and most sacred spot in this quarter of India,' says Mr. Hamilton, 'is Dwaraca; but, about 600 years ago, the valued image of their god Runchor (an incarnation of Krishna, by a manœuvre of the brahmins, was conveyed to Daccoor, in Gujrat, where it still remains After much trouble, the brahmins at Dwaraca substituted another in its stead, which, unfortu nately, also took a flight across a narrow arm of the sea, to the island of Bate, or Shunkodwar, about 130 years ago, and another new one was placed in the temple here. 'Dwaraca is also designated by the name of the island; and, having been long the residence of Krishna, the favorite Hindoo deity, is a celebrated place of pilgrimage for the sectaries of that religion. In performing this pilgrimage, the following ceremonies take place:-On the arrival of the pilgrim at Dwaraca he bathes in a sacred stream named the Goomty, from its windings; for permission to do which he pays the Dwaraca chief four rupees and a quarter; but brahmins pay only three and a half. After this purification a visit is made to the temple, where offerings are presented, according to the circumstances of the devotee, and a certain number of brahmins are fed. The pilgrim next proceeds to Aramra, where he receives the stamp from the hands of a brahmin, which is made with an iron instrument, on which are engraved the shell, the ring, and the lotos flower, which are the insignia of the gods. This instrument is made hot, and impressed on any part of the body, but generally on the arms; and, by not being over-heated, generally leaves an impression on the spot. It is frequently impressed on young infants; and a pilgrim may receive, not only his own stamp, but also stamps on his body for any absent friend. This stamp costs a rupee and a half. naments. The pilgrim next embarks for the island of Bate, where, on his arrival, he must pay a tax of five rupees to the chief, present liberal offerings to the god, and dress him in rich clothes and orThe chief of Bate, who is a holy person, receives charge of the present, and retails it again to other pilgrims at a reasonable rate, who present it again to the deity, and it performs a similar revolution. The average number of pilgrims resorting annually to Dwaraca has been estimated to exceed 15,000, and the revenues derived to the temples a lack of rupees. 'Notwithstanding this existing place of pilgrimage, the most authentic Hindoo annals assert, that Dwaraca was swallowed up by the sea a few days after the decease of Krishna. This incarnation of Vishnu spent much of his time at Dwaraca, both before and after his expulsion, by Jarasandha from Mathura, on the banks of the Jumna, in the province of Delhi, which would indicate a greater intercourse between these distant places, than could have been expected at so remote a period. The chalk with which the brahmins mark their foreheads comes from this place, where it is said to have been deposited by Krishna; and from hence, by merchants, is carried all over India.' (M'Murdo, &c.) DWARF, n. s. & v. a. DWARFISH, adj. DWARFISHNESS, n. s. zwerg, zwerch, crooked. S Sax. dwerg; Dut. Dan. and Scotch, diverg, or dwaerg; Ger. A small and generally deformed person; often, in ancient times and early poetry, a supernatural being, of no small powers; an elf or fairy. The verb means to lessen; make dwarfish. The champion stout, Eftstoones dismounted from his courser brave, And to the dwarf awhile his needless spear he gave. Spenser. Behind her farre away a dwarfe did lag, That lasie seemed, in ever being last. Id. Sonnets. Get you gone, you dwarf! You minimus, of hind'ring knot-grass made. dwarfishness of its pristine stature, and that the intellectual world is such a microcosm. Glanville's Scepsis. They, but now who seemed In bigness to surpass earth's giant sons, In a delicate plantation of trees, all we'l grown, fair, and smooth, one dwarf was knotty and crooked, L'Estrange. and the rest had it in derision. We should have lost oaks and cedars, and the other tall and lofty sons of the forest, and have found nothing but dwarfish shrubs, and creeping moss, and despicable mushrooms. Bentley. The whole sex is in a manner dwarfed, and shrunk into a race of beauties, that seem almost another spe cies. Addison. DWARFS. The Romans were passionately fond of dwarfs, whom they called nani, or nanæ, insomuch that they often used artificial methods to prevent the growth of boys designed for dwarfs, by enclosing them in boxes, or by the use of tight bandages. Augustus's niece, Julia, was extremely fond of a dwarf called Sonopas, who was only two feet and an hand-breadth high. We have many other accounts of human dwarfs, but most of them deformed in some way or other, besides the smallness of their size. Many relations, also, concerning dwarfs we must consider as fabulous, as well as those concerning giants. 1. Jeffery Hudson, the famous English dwarf, was born at Oakham in Rutlandshire, in 1619; and about the age of seven or eight, being then only eighteen inches high, was retained in the service of the duke of Buckingham who resided at Burleigh on the hill. Soon after the marriage of Charles I., the king and queen being entertained at Burleigh, little Jeffery was served up to table in a cold pye, and presented by the duchess to the queen. who kept him as her dwarf. From seven years till thirty he never grew taller; but after thirty he shot up to three feet nine inches, and there fixed. Jeffery became a considerable part of the entertainment of the court. Sir William Davenant wrote a poem called Jeffreidos, on a battle between him and a turkey cock; and in 1638. was published a very small book called The New Year's Gift, presented at court by the lady Parvula to the lord Minimus (commonly called Little Jeffery), her majesty's servant, written by Microphilus, with a little print of Jeffery prefixed. Before this period, Jeffery was sent to France to fetch a midwife for the queen; and, on his return with this gentlewoman and her majesty's dancing master, he was taken by the Dunkirkers. Jeffery had borne, with little temper, the teazing of the courtiers and domestics, and, at last, being provoked by Mr. Crofts, a young gentleman of family, a challenge ensued: and Mr. Crofts, coming to the rendezvous armed only with a squirt, the little creature was so enraged, that a real duel ensued; and the appointment being on horseback with pistols, to put them more on a level, Jeffery, at the first fire, shot his antagonist dead. This happened in France, whither he had attended his mistress during the troubles. He was again taken prisoner by a Turkish rover, and sold into Barbary. He probably did not remain long in slavery, for, at the beginning of the civil war, he was made a captain in the royal army and in 1644, attended the queen to France, where he remained till the Restoration. At last, upon suspicion of his being privy to the popish plot, he was taken up in 1682, and confined in the Gatehouse of Westminster, where he ended his life in the sixty-third year of his age. 2. In the Memoirs of the Royal Academy of Sciences, a relation is given by count de Tressau, of a dwarf called Bebe, kept by Stanislaus III. king of Poland, who died in 1764, aged twenty-three, when he measured only thirty-three inches. At his birth he measured only between eight and nine inches. DWELL, v. n. & v. a. DWELLER, n. s. DWELLING, Saxon, dwelian, dwolian; Goth. dwol (delay); duala, old DWEL LING-HOUSE, Teut., is to stay or DWELLING-PLACE, delay. To remain ; continue: hence to be in fixed attention on a person or thing; to continue speaking: as an active verb, to inhabit. And he gede out and myghte rot speke to hem. and thei knewen that he hadde seyn a visioun in the temple, and he bekenide to hem: and he dwellide stille doumbe. Wiclif. If thy brother that dwelleth by thee be waxen poor, and be sold unto thee, thou shalt not compel him to serve as a bond servant. Lev. xxv. 39. Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons, and a desolation for ever. Jer. xlix. 33. You lovers axe I now this question, Chaucer. Cant. Tales. The seed of God, which dwelleth in them that are born of God, neither will nor can, nor never will nor can, trespass or sin against God; by reason whereof, they that are born of God have great cause to rejoice, seeing in themselves, through God's goodness, not only a friend, but friendliness itself towards and with God. MS. Note of Bradford the Martyr, in Coverdale's Bible. Pope. A person ought always to be cited at the place of his dwelling-house, which he has in respect of his habitation and usual residence, and not at the house which he has in respect of his estate, or the place of his birth. Ayliffe's Parergon. And the soft quiet hamlet where he dwel Is one of that complexion which seems made For those who their mortality have felt, And sought a refuge from their hopes decayed In the deep umbrage of a green hill's shade. Byron. The Scipios' tomb contains no ashes now; The very sepulchres lie tenantless Of their heroic dwellers: dost thou flow, Old Tiber through a marble wilderness? Rise, with thy yellow waves, and mantle her distress! Id. DWIGHT (Timothy), LL.D., a learned American divine, was born at Northampton, in the state of Massachusetts, 4th May, 1752. His father being an opulent merchant, he was entered, at the age of thirteen, at Yale College, of which he subsequently became the distinguished tutor and president. He twice represented his native town in the state legislature, and, in 1795, became minister at Greenfield in Connecticut. He obtained great reputation as a biblical critic and preacher. Besides his theological works, consisting of 5 vols. 8vo., he composed, in early life, two poems, entitled The Conquest of Canaan, and Greenfield Hill; deemed, at that time, the best productions of the American muse. Dwight died January 11th, 1817, at the age of sixty-five. Dr. DWINA, a large river of European Russia, rising in a lake of the same name, on the borders of the governments of Pskov and Tver. It passes by Veliz, Witepsk, Polotsk, Drissa, and Dunaburg, and falls into the gulf of Riga at Dunamunde, a few miles below Riga. It also communicates with the lake of Ladoga, and with St. |