Giles-quay, which would shelter vessels waiting for tide to cross the bar, and enable the inhabitants to procure fuel at a cheap rate, while at present the only supply is turf from a bog ten miles distant. Here are a charter-school of eighty-six girls; a school of 264 children on Erasmus Smith's foundation, and an endowed classical school of high character; a Protestant church; two Roman Catholic chapels, and two meeting-houses, one for Presbyterians, the other for Methodists. Exports, corn, live cattle, beef, and butter. Imports, coal and flax-seed. Manufactures are, salt, soap, and leather; here is

an extensive barrack.

DUNDEE, a royal borough of Scotland, in Angus-shire, seated on the north-side of the Tay, about twelve miles from its mouth, forty north of Edinburgh, and twenty-three east of Perth. Its situation for commerce is very advantageous. Trading vessels of the largest burden can get into the harbour; and on the quay there are very convenient and handsome warehouses, as well as good room for ship-building, which is carried on to a large extent. The houses are built of stone, generally three or four stories high. The marketplace or high street in the middle of the town is a spacious oblong square, from whence branch out the four principal streets, which, with a number of lesser ones, are well paved. On the south side of the market-place stands the town house; an elegant structure, with a very handsome front, piazzas below, and a neat spire over it 140 feet high. This building was finished in 1734, and contains the guild-hall, the court-room, the bank, vaulted repositories for the 'records, and the common prison, which is in the upper story, and does honor to the taste and humanity of the magistrates, under whose auspices it was constructed, being well aired commodious rooms, at the same time very strong and secure. The meal-market and shambles, which were formerly a nuisance on the High street, were removed, and in their place was erected by the nine incorporated trades, on the east end of the above large square, a grand building, with a large and elegant cupola: in the ground floor of which is a very neat coffee-room, and several merchants' shops; and in the upper stories public rooms for each trade, and a common hall fifty feet long, thirty feet broad, and twenty-five feet high; having its front to the square decorated with Ionic columns. St. Andrew's Church, also built by the incorporations, stands on a rising ground a little north from the Cowgate-street; and has an elegant spire 130 feet high, with a peal of bells much admired. Dundee has also four other churches, and five ministers on the establishment. The old church, in which were originally four places of worship, had been a very magnificent building, with a large square Gothic tower or steeple, 186 feet high, on the west end of the church. It was in the form of a cross, erected by David earl of Huntingdon, brother to William I. of Scotland, and was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. This he did on his return from the third crusade (in which, with 500 of his countrymen, he had accompanied Richard I. of England), A. D. 1189, in gratitude for his deliverance from several imminent dangers, and particularly from

shipwreck, by which he had nearly perished when in sight of this town. At the same time he changed its name from Alectum to Dei Donum, whence its present name is thought by many to be derived; while others maintain that its name was Duntay, or the Hill of Tay. A hill rises on the north of the town to a great height, and is called The Law of Dundee. On its top, there are evidently the remains of a camp, said to have been first erected by Edward I. of England, and last repaired by general Monk. Dundee.had an old castle which was demolished by the celebrated Scotch governor Sir William Wallace, who was educated in this town, which so exasperated Edward I. that, taking the town by storm, he set fire to the churches; and a number of the inhabitants, having taken sanctuary there, with their most valuable effects, were all burnt along with them. The desolation he brought on the church continued till the year 1787, when a noble edifice began to be built on the site of the one that was burnt down, in which the ancient Gothic of the outside is excellently united with internal modern architecture, making one of the largest and neatest churches in the kingdom, and again completing the superb superstructure, as erected at the first by the earl of Huntingdon. Besides the public grammar-school, and the English schools, there is an academy, or rather college, for mathematics, the French and Italian languages, and the polite arts, with proper professors in the different branches, and a large apparatus for natural and experimental philosophy. This town suffered greatly last century during the civil war, being sometimes under the command of one party, and at others of another. In 1645 the marquis of Montrose took it by storm; and in 1651, under the command of its provost major-general Lumsden, it vigorously opposed general Monk, who carried it by storm, September 1st, and put all in arms to the sword. And so great were the riches of Dundee, all the neighbouring gentlemen having retired to it with their best effects, as a place of safety, that every private soldier in Monk's army had nearly £60 sterling to his share of the plunder, there being above sixty merchant vessels in the harbour at that time; and the like number of vessels sailed for England loaded with the spoils of the unfortunate inhabitants The magistrates have been at great expense in enlarging and fitting up the harbour, so as to render it of easy access, safe and commodious; and have made the passage over the Tay, where there is a great resort, so convenient, that travellers with their horses can get over it at any time of tide; a sufficient number of boats properly manned being always ready. The river Tay before Dundee is about three miles broad; and, being sheltered by high lands on both sides, is a safe road for ships of the greatest burden. The piers are extensive, broad, and well adapted for the purposes of loading and discharging vessels; and the harbour is equal to any in Scotland. There are upwards of 160 ships of different denominations belonging to the port, which employ upwards of 1300 seamen in the Greenand fishery, and the Baltic and the London trades. A wet-dock has been constructed on a

ket, fair, and post town of the same name; situated about fourteen miles north of Armagh, and ninety-one and a half north-west of Dublin. Lat. 54° 28', long. 7° 18'. It returns one member to parliament. The town belongs to lord Northland who has a handsome seat there. Fair days, first Thursday in February; second Thursday in April; second Monday in May; first Thursday in July; third Tuesday in August; first Monday O. S. in October; last Tuesday in November. This town was made remarkable for the Ulster delegation of volunteers on the 15th of Feb. 1782. There is a part of the town called the New Town, the houses of which in general are too narrow. Its chief business is the linen trade. In 1816 about £2000 per week was regularly expended in that market on the purchase of that article. Here is a poor school endowed by the lady Northland, and a free school founded by Charles I., and endowed with 1000 plantation acres, producing about £800 per annum. There is a good house here, and glebe In this parish are the coal mines of Drumglass, leased by the primate to the Hibernian Mining Company for £300 per annum: the company have already expended £2000 in the erection of steam engines and other necessary apparatus for working the mines.

of 405 acres.

DUNG MEERS, in husbandry, places where soils and dungs are mixed and digested together. These consist of pits, prepared at the bottom with stone and clay, that they may hold water, or the moisture of the dung. They ought to be so situated, that the sinks and drips of the houses and barns may run into them. Into these are cast refuse, fodder, litter, dung, weeds, &c., where they lie and rot together, till the farmer has occasion for them.

DUNGEON, n. s. Anciently donjon, the principal tower of a castle, from Cel. and Brit. dun, a hill on which towers usually stood. A close prison.

Then up he took the slumbered senseless corse, And, ere he could out of his swoon awake,

Him to his castle brought with hasty force, And in a dungeon deep him threw without remorse. Spenser.

No man can marvel how that tyrant blinded his captives, when he hears that he brought them imme diately, out of a dark dungeon, into rooms that were made bright and glorious.

Bp. Hall. Contemplations.
We know not that the king of heaven hath dooomed
This place our dungeon; not our safe retreat
Beyond his potent arm.
Milton's Paradise Lost.

Death only can such thieves make fast
As rob, though in a dungeon.
Marvell.

By imagination, a man in a dungeon is capable of entertaining himself with scenes and landscapes, more beautiful than any that can be found in the whole compass of nature.

Addison.

said to be of great antiquity. Each of them covers about an acre of ground. The whole structure of these mounts is of earth; but they are not both of the same form and dimensions. The more easterly one is perfectly round, resembling an oven, and upwards of fifty feet in height. The other bears no resemblance to the eastern one either in shape or size. At the foundation it is nearly of a triangular form; but the superstructure is quite irregular; nor does the height thereof bear any proportion to the extent of its base. These mounts are now planted with firs, which, with the parish church of Dunipace standing in the middle between them, and the river running hard by, give this valley a very romantic appearance. The common account given of them is, that they were erected as monuments of a peace concluded in that place between the Romans and the Caledonians, and that their name partakes of the language of both people; dun signifying a hill in the old language of this island; and pax, peace, in the language of Rome. And we find in history, that no less than three treaties of peace were, at different periods, entered into between the Romans and Caledonians: the first, by Severus, about A. D. 210; the second, soon after, by his son Caracalla; and the third, by Carasius, about 280; but of which of those treaties Dunipace is a monument, we cannot pretend to determine.

DUNKELD, a town of Scotland, in Perthshire, seated on the north side of the river Tay, in a situation truly romantic, among high and almost inaccessible craggs, partly naked and partly wooded. It is the chief market town of the Highlands, and has been greatly improved with buildings by the dukes of Athol. It was the capital of ancient Caledonia. About the dawn of Christianity, a Pictish king made it the seat of religion, by erecting a monastery of Culdees there; which king David I., in 1130, con

verted into a cathedral: it ranked as the first in Scotland. The entire shell of the cathedral still remains, the east end serving for a parish church, on the north side of which is the burial place of the dukes of Athol. The architecture is simple and elegant, the pillars are round. The monument of one of its bishops remains in the south aisle of the nave, with that of Alexander Stuart, earl of Buchan, third son of Robert II., called, for his cruelty, The Wolf of Badenoch. The tower at the west end, with a singular crack down one of its sides, adds to the picturesque appearance which the whole makes, among the venerable pines at the end of the duke's garden. His grace's seat is a neat modern building, with pleasant gardens, and a fine cascade on the water of Bran, which, in its way from the western hills, forms a fall of 150 feet, called the Rumbling Brig, from a narrow bridge made by the fall of two rocks across the stream. Dunkeld has four fairs, January 21, February 3, March 8, and second Tuesday in November. Besides the tanning of leather, the linen manufacture has been carried on to considerable extent, for a number of years, and the manufacture of cotton goods is now also introduced. Dunkeld is fifteen miles north-west from Perth.

DUNKIRK, from dun, Celt. a hill, and kirk, Flem. a church; a maritime town of France, in the department of the north, and ci-devant province of French Flanders. It is the most easterly harbour on that side of France which is next to Great Britain, and was originally a mean hamlet, consisting only of a few fishermen's huts. Baldwin, ea.. of Flanders, about A. D. 960, thinking the situation convenient, enlarged it into a town, and surrounded it with a wall. In the year 1322 Robert, earl of Flanders, who held it as an appendage, built a castle for its defence, which was afterwards demolished by the revolters of Flanders. Robert of Bar erected a fortification round it, the remains of which are visible on the side next the harbour. The emperor Charles V., who held it as part of Flanders, built another castle to defend the harbour, but this was also demolished soon afterwards. In 1558 the French, under marshal de Thermes, took Dunkirk by storm, and almost ruined the place; the Spaniards recovered it again in about a fortnight, and put all the French to the sword. During a peace procured for the inhabitants by Philip II. of Spain, they rebuilt their town with greater splendor than before, and flourished for some time by privateering against the Dutch; at length they fortified their town and harbour, and fitted out fifteen ships of war at their own charge. In 1634 the inhabitants agreed with those of Bergues to dig a canal, at their joint expense, for a communication between the two towns; which was some time afterwards effected. By this time Dunkirk was become the best harbour the Spaniards possessed in Flanders, which induced many foreigners to settle there; and, it being necessary to enlarge the town, a new fortified wall was built at a considerable distance from the former. In 1646 it was besieged and taken by the prince of Condé. In 1652 it was retaken by the archduke Leopold, then governor of the Netherlands. France entering into a treaty with England, in 1655, the Dunkirkers, with views of pecuniary advantage, fitted out privateers against both these powers; the consequence of which was, that the French, assisted by Cromwell, attacked and took it, and it was left in the hands of the English. It was even then of great importance to us; for, during the war in which it was taken, the Dunkirkers had made prizes of no less than 250 English vessels, many of which were of great value. The fortifications were now, therefore, improved, and a citadel built; yet the English kept it only four years; for in 1662, two years after the Restoration, Charles II. sold this valuable acquisition to France, for the paltry sum of £500,000. It was accordingly taken possession of, for Louis XIV., by the count d'Estrades, on the 29th November, 1662. The celebrated engineer, Monsieur Vauban, now erected an arsenal here, large enough to contain all the stores necessary for fitting out and maintaining a large fleet; the fortifications on the land side were constructed in a manner that was thought to render them impregnable; and, towards the sea, the entrance of the harbour was strongly fortified. These works were completed in 1683; and, in 1685, the whole circumference

of the basin was faced with masonry, and the quays completely formed. In 1689 the fort, called the Cornichon, and some other works, were added. Upwards of thirty years were em-, ployed in improving the fortifications. At the treaty of Utrecht, it having been made appear that the privateers of Dunkirk had, during the war then closing, taken from the English no less than 1614 prizes, valued at £1,334,375 sterling, it was stipulated, that the fortifications of the city and port of Dunkirk should be entirely demolished, and the harbour filled up; and queen Anne deputed colonels Armstrong and Clayton to inspect the execution of this part of the treaty. A large bar was now built across the mouth of the harbour, between the jetties and the town, by which all communication between it and the canal, which formed its entrance, was entirely cut off. The sluices were also broken up, and the materials of them broken to pieces. This was scarcely accomplished, when Louis XIV. ordered 30,000 men to construct the new canal of Mardick, which in a short time they accomplished; and thus the harbour was rendered almost as commodious as ever; but in 1717 this likewise was rendered unserviceable. In 1720, during a great storm, the sea broke up the bar, and restored the use of the harbour in a very considerable degree. When, in 1740, Great Britain was engaged in a war with Spain, Louis XV. set about improving the advantage which Dunkirk had derived from the storm in 1720, by restoring the works and repairing the harbour. He rebuilt the jetties and erected new forts in the place of those which had been destroyed; and soon afterwards espoused the cause of Spain, and became a principal in the war. But at the peace of Aixla-Chapelle, in 1748, it was stipulated, that all the works towards the sea should be destroyed a second time; yet, in 1756, the place was again in a good state of defence. At the peace of 1763 it was once more stipulated that a British commissary should reside at Dunkirk, to see to the destruction of this harbour. But by the peace of 1783 he was withdrawn, and the French were left to resume their works. The British, under his late royal highness the duke of York, laid siege to this town in 1793, but were soon obliged to abandon it.

Dunkirk is, on the whole, a well-built town: the houses are chiefly of white brick; but seldom consist of more than two stories. It is a place of brisk trade in fish, corn, colonial produce, and home manufactures. Its chief inconvenience is a scarcity of fresh water. The barracks are extensive and elegant; and the churches contain some beautiful paintings. The town is approached by a canal of a mile and a half in length, the port and basin being in the interior of the town; the roadstead is at the outer extremity of the canal, and formed by a sand-bank running parallel to the shore. A mound and ditch surround the town. Dunkirk was restored to the privilege of a free port by a royal ordinance of the 22d April, 1816. Population about 20,000. It is twenty-five miles north-east of Calais, and forty north-west of Lisle.

DUNMORE, EAST, a post town in the county of Waterford, eighty-four Irish miles from Dub

lin, and nine from Waterford city, lat. 50° 8′ 17′′, N. long. 7° 3', W., is remarkable for a pier built for establishing a packet station to ply between this port and Milford Haven, from which it is distant seventy-eight nautical miles. This great work was undertaken at the expense of government, as an important step in the desirable object of improving and facilitating communication between England and Ireland in 1814, from a design by A. Nimmo, Esq. and has been executed at an expense of £80,000. The packets formerly ran up the harbour or river to Cheek Point, the junction of the Suir and Barrow rivers; and at this place were not unfrequently wind-bound, The new harbour is immediately upon the Atiantic, and, being carried into five fathoms at low water, is accessible at all times, and may be sailed from with all winds. The pier issues from a lofty bold conglomerate rock, which has furnished all the rubble stone consumed in its formation; and is carried in a N. N. E. direction to a distance of 1000 feet, having a base of 250 feet in breadth; the back, being exposed to the heavy swell of the Atlantic, is paved with enormous blocks of stone. The inside of the pier is an upright quay wall, forty-five feet in height, faced with hewn sand-stone; the foundations of which were laid by the aid of the diving-bell in twenty-four feet of water. On the quay is an elegant range of vaulted apartments, containing the light keeper's residence, coals for the steam packets, and the stores. The platform over these forms an agreeable promenade, and has a lighthouse at its extremity, the design of which is a fluted Doric column, copied from the pillars of the temple at Paestum: the lantern exhibits red lights to the sea, and bright towards Waterford haven. There is a slip constructed on the inside of the pier, affording a safe and convenient place for landing and embarking at all times. On the opposite side of the harbour is a small rock-formed island, curiously perforated by natural arches; the extremity of this rock, below water, is marked by a stone beacon, connected to the island by a suspension foot-bridge of very simple construction, 180 feet span. This island divides the whole enclosed space into an outer and inner harbour, the latter of which, a surface of six acres, is completely sheltered from the awful swell of the Atlantic by the judicious position of the pier, while the outer might be so enlarged (to nine acres) as to admit line of battle ships. The harbour has fully realised expectation; the economy observed in its construction is very conspicuous, and, during the period of the erection of the pier, little or no damage was sustained by the shipping that were necessitated to seek shelter there.

DUNMOW, LITTLE, a village in Essex. It had once a priory, and is still famous for the custom instituted in the reign of Henry III., by Robert de Fitzwalter, and now the tenure of the manor: namely, that whatever married couple will go to the priory, and swear, kneeling upon two sharppointed stones in the church, that they had not quarrelled, nor repented of their marriage, within a year and a day after it took place, shall receive from the lord of the manor a flitch of bacon. Some old records mention several that have

claimed and received it. It has been actually received so lately as since the year 1750, by a weaver and his wife, of Coggeshall in Essex. It has been demanded more recently still; but the ceremony being attended with considerable expense to the lord of the manor, the demand is now evaded. See BACON, SERVICE OF THE.

DUNN (Samuel), an English mathematician, born at Crediton in Devonshire. He opened a school in his native town, where he gained considerable reputation as a teacher, and where he continued for several years. He afterwards removed to Chelsea, where he kept an academy, and became mathematical examiner for the East India service. He published an Atlas, folio; Treatises on Book-keeping, Navigation, &c. He died in 1792, and left his property towards founding a mathematical school at Crediton.

DUNNEMARLE CASTLE, i.e. the castle near the sea, an ancient fort of the Macduffs, thanes of Fife, now in ruins; said to have been their utmost boundary to the west. It was here that lady Macduff and her children were murdered by the tyrant Macbeth. It was seated on the banks of the Forth, in a fine situation, now called Castle-hill.

DUNNING (John), an eminent English lawyer, born at Ashburton in Devonshire, in 1731, where his father practised as an attorney, and where he began the studies connected with his profession. But after continuing some time with his father, he entered of the Temple, and was called to the bar, where he soon distinguished himself as an able lawyer and a powerful orator. He likewise obtained a seat in parliament, where he was particularly noticed on the side of the opposition. He afterwards became solicitor-general and recorder of Bristol, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. In 1782 he was created lord Ashburton, but died the year following, leaving an infant son to inherit the title. His lordship was an upright lawyer, and it is recorded of him, much to his honor, that he often pleaded the cause of the poor unsolicited, and without a fee.

DUNNOTAR CASTLE, an ancient fortress, now in ruins, built in the reign of Edward I. by an ancestor of the Marischal family. In 1661 the regalia of Scotland were lodged in it, to preserve them from the English army, and a garrison, with ammunition and provisions, obtained for their defence by E. Marischal, the proprietor; who, upon joining the king's forces in England, appointed George Ogilvy, of Barras, lieutenantgovernor of the fort. This trust he maintained with the greatest heroism. For though besieged and summoned to surrender by general Lambert, so carly as November 1651, he held out obstinately for six months, till May 1652; when, the siege being turned into a blockade, and provisions and ammunition all spent, the garrison began to mutiny, and he at last capitulated upon honorable terms; but not till he had privately conveyed the regalia to the clergymen of Kinneff. The English not finding the regalia, shut up the governor and his wife close prisoners, for years, using every means of severity and allurement to produce a discovery, but in vain. Mr. Ogilvy continued faithful to his trust till the Restoration, when he