the deaf and dumb, would impose upon them the necessity of acquiring a precise conception of the words which they used, for the purpose of making them intelligible to their young companions. The advantages which would, inevitably, result from this admixture would be, therefore, mutual, and would much more than counterbalance any imaginary excess of skill which a teacher who confines himself to the sole instruction of the deaf and dumb may be supposed to possess. The admission of deaf and dumb pupils into establishments now exclusively devoted to the reception of those who can hear and speak, could, by no possibility, retard the progress of the latter, while it would greatly facilitate the instruction of the former. Were the intercourse of the deaf and dumb to be confined, in after-life, to persons laboring under a similar misfortune, separate establishments for their education would be recommended by reasons much more cogent than any which can be urged in their favor, while it is remembered that, when they leave these institutions, they must converse principally, if not exclusively, with persons who hear and speak.' DUMFRIES, or DUMFRIES-SHIRE, a county in the south of Scotland, comprehending the district of Nithsdale, the stewartry of Annandale, and the lordship of Eskdale, extending in length from north-west to south-east about sixty miles, and about thirty miles in breadth where broadest. It is bounded on the south-west by Galloway and part of Kyle: on the north-east by the counties of Roxburgh, Selkirk, and Peebles; on the north-west by Clydesdale; and on the south-east by Solway Frith and the marshes between Scotland and England. A great part of the county is mountainous, overspread with heath, and well stocked with game of all kinds: but the valleys, through which the Esk, the Annan, the Nith, and other smaller rivers run, are extremely pleasant; and some of them well cultivated and very fertile, producing oats, barley, and wheat, in abundance, both for exportation and home consumption; while the mountainous parts afford pasture for innumerable flocks of sheep and herds of black cattle, many thousands of which are annually exported to England. In the valleys are several natural woods and some extensive plantations of different kinds of timber. In Nithsdale, are the rich lead mines of Wanlockhead, the coal mines of Sanquhar and Cairnburn, the inexhaustible lime quarries of Closeburn and Barjarg, and freestone in almost every parish. Annandale has the rich lime quarries of Kellhead and Comtongan, with plenty of free stone near the towns of Annan and Lochmaben and in the lower part of Eskdale are limestone and coal in abundance. In some places there are indications of iron; copper is wrought; and in Westerkirk is a valuable mine of antimony. Besides the mineral springs of Moffat and Hartfell Spa, there are a great many wells which contain metallic or mineral impregnation. This county contains four royal boroughs, Dumfries, Sanquhar, Annan, and Lochmaben, several small towns and villages, and is divided into forty-two parochial districts, containing in all about 55,000 inhabitants. It sends one member to parliament. The manufactures of Dumfries

:

shire are not very extensive. Cotton-spinning is carried on at Langholm and Annan, and also cotton-weaving at the latter place; a small ironwork has been erected at Kirkconnel; a papermill, two small foundries, and several breweries and tan-works at Dumfries, and a carpet manufactory near Sanquhar. Salt was formerly made from sleech, in the parishes of Cummertrees and Ruthwell, without paying duty, in consequence of an act of 1671; but the right to this exemption has been lately questioned. In 1809 the entries inwards to this county were 493 vessels, carrying 1339 men, and 18,985 tons; and 287 vessels cleared outwards, with 802 men, and 12,090 tons. Most of the inward vessels are laden with coal, and of the outward with grain. But its most valuable exports are cattle. sheep, bacon, and wool; almost all of which, excepting the last, are sent out of it by land.

DUMFRIES, the capital of the above county, is a handsome town, situated on a ridge or rising ground, on the north-east side of the river Nith, about nine miles above its junction with the Solway Frith. Its present name appears to have been derived partly from its situation, and partly from the monastery of grey friars, that formerly stood near the head of the street, being only a corruption of Drum friars, or the eminence of the friary;' and accordingly, till within these eighty or a hundred years, it was always spelt Drumfries. Besides the pleasantness of its situation, on the side of a beautiful winding river, it is surrounded on all sides with one of the finest and best cultivated sheets of dale country that are any where to be met with; and the prospect from it is terntinated, at the distance of a few miles, by a continued chain of hills, forming altogether one of the grandest natural amphitheatres perhaps in Britain. On the north-east side of it, at some little distance, are the ruins of a chapel built by king Robert Bruce. Dumfries appears to have been erected into a royal borough before the middle of the eleventh century, as a grave-stone was discovered some time ago bearing the date of 1079, and mentioning the person buried under it to have been a merchant and burgess of the town. And that it was a place of consequence in the beginning of the fourteenth century, is evident, from the circumstance, that Edward II. called the estates of Scotland to meet there in 1307. In the abovementioned monastery, too, king Robert Bruce killed his rival, Cumming, lord of Badenoch, with the assistance of James Lindsay and Roger Kirkpatrick, on the 5th February, 1305. The houses of Dumfries are well built and commodious; the principal street extends three quarters of a mile, the whole length of the town, in a direction parallel to the Nith; and the town in general is well paved. It has two very elegant churches and an episcopal chapel, a strong prison, a hospital, an infirmary, and a narrow bridge of nine arches over the river, said to have been built by one of the three daughters and co-heiresses of Alan, lord of Galloway. The assizes for the county, and for the shire of Galloway and stewartry of Kirkcudbright, are held in the town twice a year. It is also the place for holding the sheriff's and commissary courts,

the quarter-sessions of the peace, and the courts of the commissioners of supply. It is governed by a provost, three bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, and twelve merchant councillors, with the deacons of the incorporations. The corporation obtained from king James I., in one of his journeys to England, a small silver tube, like a pistol barrel, called the silver gun, with his royal license to shoot for it every year; a festival which is still kept up. The town has a weekly market on Wednesday, with two fairs in February and September, at which vast numbers of horses and black cattle are sold. Dumfries lies thirty miles W.N.W. of Carlisle, and seventy-two S. S. W. of Edinburgh.

DUMFRIES, a town of the United States, the capital of Prince William county, in Virginia. It is a port of entry and post town, and has an episcopal church and court house. It lies on the north side of Quantico Creek, ten miles from Colchester, twenty-eight north by east of Fredericsburg, and 185 south-west of Philadelphia.

DUMONT (John), baron of Carlscroom a political and historical writer, who became a refugee in Holland on account of religion, and was made historiographer to the emperor of Germany. He died in 1726, leaving behind him several works, valuable for the facts they contain, as, Mémoires Politiques, pour servir a l'Intelligence de la Paix de Ryswick, 4 vols. 12mo., 1699; Voyages en France, en Italie, en Malte, et en Turquie, 4 vols. 12mo., 1699; Corps Universal Diplomatique du Droit des Gens, 8 vols. fol. 1726; Lettres Historiques depuis Jauvier 1652 jusqu'en 1710.

DUMOURIEZ (Charles Francis Duperier), of noble but reduced family, was born in Provence, January 25th, 1739. He entered into the French military service at the age of eighteen, against the same duke of Brunswick whom, after a lapse of many years, he compelled to retire from France. Having, in his twentysecond year, obtained the rank of captain, and the cross of St. Louis, he went on his travels, and among other countries visited Portugal, of which kingdom he published an account in 1767. Soon after this he was employed in Corsica, with the rank of colonel. In 1770 he was sent to Poland to assist the confederates. He was next engaged on a mission to Sweden, but was committed in 1773 to the Bastile, from whence he was released on the death of Louis XV. During the American war he was much employed at Cherbourg, of which place he was made commandant. At the commencement of the revolution he distinguished himself as a patriot, was raised to the rank of lieutenant-general, and made minister of foreign affairs. When the Prussians, 100,000 strong, advanced on France, he dispersed them with a very inferior force, through the superiority of his tactics. The battle of Jemappe shortly after consolidated his triumph, and revolutionised Belgium. On his return to Paris, he found the trial of the king was in progress; and, becoming suspected of attachment to that unfortunate prince by the terrorists, he soon retired, and replaced himself at the head of his army. He now concluded a

treaty with the prince of Saxe Coburg for the evacuation of Belgium, while he himself determined to lead his troops to Paris, and re-establish the constitution of 1791. Coburg promised, if necessary, to furnish an auxiliary force, but the design was frustrated by some of the subordinate generals conveying intelligence of it to the convention. Commissioners were sent to arrest Dumouriez, when he took the decisive step of instantly arresting them, and handing them over to the custody of the enemy, as hostages for the safety of the king and his family. Finding insubordination now beginning to show itself among his troops, he resolved on quitting them, and repaired for refuge to the headquarters of the prince of Coburg, who offered him a command, but he declined it, and retired to Switzerland. The cantons were however too near to France to render that country a safe asylum, especially as the sum of 300,000 francs was offered for his head. He afterwards retreated to Hamburgh and to England, where he for some time subsisted on a pension of 400 lovis, granted him by the landgrave of Hesse Cassel. He survived the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty several years. In 1821 he published two memoirs, addressed to the Greeks, and died in his eighty-fifth year, at Turville Park, near Henley-upon-Thames, March 14th, 1823. DUMP, n. s. DUMP'ISH, adj. DUMPLING, n. s.

Dutch dom; Dan. dum; Goth. domp; perhaps from dumb. Sorrow; sadness:

DUMP'Y, Shence, first a melancholy

tune or air; and then any tune. The Scottish dumpy, according to Dr. Jamieson, signifies short and thick a dumpling is a dumpy pudding.

New
year, forth looking out of Janus' gate,
Doth seem to promise hope of new delight;
And bidding the' old adieu his passed date
Bids all old thoughts to die in dumpish spight.

Secretaries of state, presidents of the council, and generals of an army, have crowds of visitants in a morning, all soliciting for past promises; which are but a civiller sort of duns, that lay claim to volunCongreve.

tary debts.

DUN, or BURGH, the name of an ancient species of buildings, of a circular form, common in the Orkney and Shetland isles, the Hebrides, and northern parts of Scotland. The latter term points out the founders, who at the same time bestowed on them their natal name of borg, a defence or castle, a Suedo-Gothic word; and the Highlanders universally apply to these places. the Celtic name dun, signifying a hill defended by a tower, which plainly points out their use. They are confined to the countries once subject to the crown of Norway. With few exceptions, they are built within sight of the sea, and one or more within sight of the other; so that on a signal by fire, flag, or trumpet, they could give notice of approaching danger, and yield a mutual succour. In the Shetland and Orkney islands they are most frequently called wart or wardhills, which shows that they were garrisoned. They had their wardmadher, or watchman, a sort of sentinel, who stood on the top and challenged all who came in sight. The gackman was an officer of the same kind, who not only was on the watch against surprise, but was to give notice if he saw any ships in distress. He was allowed a large horn of generous liquor, which he had always by him, to keep up his spirits. Along the Orkney and Shetland shores they almost form a chain; and by these means not only kept the natives in

subjection, but were situated commodiously for covering the landing of their countrymen, who were perpetually roving on piratical expeditions. These towers vary in their inner structure; but externally are universally the same; yet some have an addition of strength on the outside. The burgh of Culswick in Shetland, notwithstanding it is built on the top of a hill, is surrounded with a dry ditch thirteen feet broad; that of Snaburgh in Unst, has both a wet and a dry ditch; the first cut, with great labour, through the rock. The burgh of Moura is surrounded by a wall, now reduced to a heap of stones, and the inside is cylindrical, not taper, as usual with others.

DUNAN AULA, an ancient tumulus in Craignish parish, in Argyllshire, where the ashes of Olaus, the son of a king of Denmark, were deposited, near the field of battle in which he was killed many centuries ago. General Campbell converted this mount into a burying-place, and erected a neat monument on the top of it, in memory of his only son. The tumulus is supposed to have been raised before the introduction of Christianity, as the urn, containing the ashes of Olaus, was discovered under a heap of stones by the workmen; and the practice of burning the dead was discontinued after the conversion of the ancient Caledonians.

DUNBAR, a royal borough of Scotland, in the county of East Lothian, once remarkable for a strong castle, the key of Scotland from the east, which gave shelter to Edward II. of England, in his flight from Bannockburn, but of which scarce a vestige now remains. This castle was bravely defended, in 1336, by Agnes, countess of March, sister of Randolph earl of Murray. In the absence of her husband, this heroine forced lord Montague to raise the siege and leave the country. Here are still preserved some of the Scottish pikes, six ells long, and formed for both offence and defence. Under the rock, on which the castle stands, are two natural arches, through which the tide flows. Between the harbour and the castle is a stratum of vast basaltic columns of red grit-stone. Dunbar is remarkable for the defeat of John Baliol's army by earl Warrenne, in 1296, and for a victory gained near it by Cromwell over the Scotch in 1650. Dunbar is governed by a provost, three bailies, dean of guild, treasurer, and fifteen councillors. It joins with Haddington, North Berwick, Lauder, and Jedburgh, in sending a representative to parlia ment. Within the royalty there is a handsome village, called Belhaven, near which the harbour was originally built. The east pier of the present harbour was begun during the protectorship of Cromwell, who granted £3000 towards defraying the expense. But it was still very imperfect, and could only receive a few small vessels; and even now, though a great deal of labor and money have since been expended in improving it, the access is difficult and the bounds small. It is defended by a battery of twelve guns, nine, twelve, and eighteen pounders; besides which, here are a large and convenient dry-dock, and two considerable rope-walks: ship-building is carried on to some extent. Here are a soapwork and a cotton manufactory; two ironfoundries, and spinning-mills. Its principal

of