DUGDALE (Sir William), an eminent English historian, antiquarian, and herald, born in Warwickshire in 1605. He was introduced into the herald's office by Sir Christopher Hatton; and ascended gradually through all the degrees, until he became garter principal king at arms. His chief work is the Monasticum Anglicanum, in 3 vols. folio; containing the charters and descriptions of all the English monasteries, adorned with engravings. Nor are his Antiquities of Warwickshire less esteemed. He wrote likewise the History of St. Paul's Cathedral; a History of Embanking and Draining; a Baronage of England: and completed the second volume of Sir Henry Spelman's Councils, with a second part of his Glossary. He died in 1686. His son John was Norroy king at arms, and published a Catalogue of English Nobility.

DUGOMMIER (M.), a French republican general, a native of Martinique in the West Indies, where, at the beginning of the revolution, he defended Fort St. Pierre against a body of troops sent from France. He was at this time a considerable proprietor, and colonel of the national guards of the island. He afterwards went to France to procure succours for the patriots. In 1793 he rapidly rose to be general of brigade; and then commander in chief of the army in Italy, where he gained many advantages with a very inferior force. He took Toulon December 19th, 1793, as commander in chief of the army of the Eastern Pyrenees, and prosecuted the war against the Spaniards with great success. On the 1st of May, 1794, he gained the battle of Alberdes, and seized Montesquieu, taking 200 pieces of cannon, and 2000 prison

ers.

In August, 1794, he defeated an army of nearly 50,000 men at St. Laurence de la Mouga, and was killed November 17th, in an engagement at St. Sebastian. The convention decreed that his name should be inscribed on a column of the Pantheon.

DUILLIA LEX, the Duillian law, a Roman law, enacted by M. Duillius, a tribune, A. U. C.

304.

It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause. There was another Duillian law in 392, regulating the interest to be paid for money lent.

DUILLIUS NEPOS (Caius), a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory over the naval

ships, and was honored with a naval triumpa, the first that ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valor by permitting him to have music playing, and torches lighted, at the public expense, every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in commemoration of this victory; and there still exists a column at Rome, which was erected on the

occasion.

DUISBURG, a town of Prussia, in the circle of Westphalia, and that part of the former duchy of Cleves which lies on the east, or right bank of the Rhine. It has two churches, three convents. The university founded here for Protestants, in 1635, was removed to Dusseldorf in 1806. Its chief manufactures are in cloth and iron. It is seated on the Roer, a little below where it falls into the Rhine. Inhabitants about 4600. It lies fourteen miles north of Dusseldorf, and thirty-five north-west of Cologne.

DUKE, n.s. Fr. due; Span. and Port DUKE DOM. S duque; Ital. duca, from Lat. dux, ducis, à duco, to lead. See the article.

And thou Bethleem, the lond of Juda, for of thee a duyk schal go out that schal gouerne my puple of Israel. Wielif. The duke of Cornwall, and Regan his dutchess, will be here with him this knight.

In a poor isle.

Shakspeare. King Lear.
Her brother found a wife,

Where he himself was lost; Prospero his dukedom,
Id. Tempest.
Aurmarle, Surrey, and Exeter, must lose
The names of dukes, their titles, dignities,
And whatsoever profits thereby rise.

DUKE, dux, was originally a Roman dignity, denominated à ducendo, leading or commanding. Accordingly, the first dukes, duces, were ductores exercituum, commanders of armies. Under the later emperors, the governors of provinces during war were entitled duces. In after times the same denomination was also given to the governors of provinces, in time of peace. The first governor under this name was a duke of the Marchia Rhætica, or Grisons, of whom mention is made in Cassiodorus; there were afterwards thirteen dukes in the eastern empire, and twelve in the western. The Goths and Vandals, upon their overrunning the provinces of the western empire, abolished the Roman dignities wherever they settled. But the Franks, &c., to please the Gauls, who had long been used to that form of government, made it a point of politics not to change any thing therein: and accordingly they divided all Gaul into duchies and counties; and gave the names, sometimes of dukes, and sometimes of counts, comites, to the governors of them. In England, during the time of the Saxons, Camden observes, the officers and commanders of armies were called dukes, duces, after the ancient Roman manner,

without any addition. After the Conqueror came in, the title lay dormant till the reign of Edward III., who created his son Edward, first called the Black. Prince, duke of Cornwall; which has ever since been the peculiar inheritance of the king's eldest son during the life of bis father; so that he is dux natus, non creatus. After him there were more made, in such manner as that their titles descended to their posterity. They were created with much solemnity, per cincturam gladii, cappæque, et circuli aurei in capite impositionem. However, in the reign of queen Elizabeth, A.D. 1572, the whole order became utterly extinct; but it was revived about fifty years afterwards by her successor, in the person of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham. Though the French retained the names and form of the ducal government, yet under their second race of kings there were scarcely any dukes but all the great lords were counts, peers, or barons; excepting, however, the dukes of Burgundy and Aquitain, and the duke of France, which was a dignity Hugh Capet himself held, corresponding to that of maire de palais, or king's lieutenant. By the weakness of the kings, the dukes or governors sometimes made themselves sovereigns of the provinces trusted to their administration. This change happened chiefly about the time of Hugh Capet, when the lords began to dismember the kingdom, so that that prince found more competitors among them than subjects. It was even with a great deal of difficulty they could be brought to own him their superior, or to hold of him by faith and homage. By degrees those provinces, both duchies and counties, which had been rent from the crown, were again united to it. But the title duke was no longer given to the governors of provinces. From that time it became a mere title of dignity, annexed to a person and his heirs male, without giving him any domain, territory, or jurisdiction over the place whereof he was duke. All the advantages therefore now consist in the name, and the precedence it gives. Modern dukes retain nothing of their ancient splendor but the coronet on their escutcheon. It is composed of a rim of gold, lined with ermine, and surmounted with eight strawberry leaves, in contradistinction from that of a marquis, which has only four strawberry leaves and four pearls. See the annexed diagram. They are created by patent, cincture of the sword, mantle of state, imposition of a cape, and coronet of gold upon the head, and a verge of gold in their hand. The eldest sons of dukes are by the courtesy of England styled marquisses, though they are usually distinguished by their father's second title, whether it be marquis or earl; and the younger sons lords, with the addition of their Christian name, as lord James, lord Thomas, &c., and they take place of viscounts, though not so privileged by law. A duke has the title of grace; and he is styled, in heraldic language, most high, potent,

and noble prince. Dukes of the blood royal are styled most high, most mighty, and illustrious princes. There are also sovereigns who bear the title of duke. The title of GREAT DUKE belongs to the heir-apparent of Russia; that of ARCH-DUKE to all the sons of the house of Austria, and that of AROH-DUCHESS to all the daughters. See these articles.

DUKE, among Hebrew grammarians, is an appellation given to a species of accents answering to our comma. See ACCENT.

DUKE (Richard), a clergyman and inferior poet of the last century. Dr. Johnson says, His poems are not below mediocrity, nor have I found much in them to be praised.' He was a native of Otterton in Devonshire, and educated at Westminster school, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. He was presented to the living of Blaby in Leicestershire in 1688, and was soon after made a prebend of Gloucester. Just previous to his death, which took place in 1710, he became possessed of the valuable benefice of Witney in Oxfordshire. He was the author of Translations of some of the Odes of Horace, and some detached poems.

DUKE-DUKE, a title given in Spain to a grandee of the house of Sylva, on account of his having several duchies, from the uniting of two considerable houses in his person. Don Roderigo de Sylva, eldest son of Don Ruy Gomez de Sylva, and heir of his duchies and principalities, married the eldest daughter of the duke de l'Infantado; by which marriage the present duke de Pastrana, who is descended therefrom, and is grandson of Don Roderigo de Sylva, has added to other titles that of duke-duke, to distinguish himself from the other dukes; some whereof may enjoy several duchies, but none so considerable ones, nor the titles of such eminent families.

DUKE'S COUNTY, a county on the south-east coast of the state of Massachusetts, comprehending Martha's Vineyard Island, Chabaquiddick Island, Norman's Island, and the Elizabeth Islands. The chief town is Edganton. Populatior. 3290.

DUKE OF CLARENCE'S STRAIT is a channel on the east coast of North America, bounded on the east by the Duke of York's Islands, part of the continent, and the isles of Gravina. To the west the shore is an extensive tract of land, forming an archipelago, to which Vancouver gave the name of the Prince of Wales's Archipelago.

The DUKE OF GLOUCESTER'S ISLANDS are two woody islands of the South Pacific Ocean, about five or six leagues asunder. They were visited in 1767 by captain Carteret. The most southern is of a half-moon shape, low, flat, and sandy, with a reef projecting half a mile from the south end, where the sea breaks violently: its appearance is agreeable, but it affords neither vegetables nor water. There seemed also no traces of inhabitants. Many birds were seen on it, however, and they were so tame, that they readily allowed themselves to be taken. Captain Carteret thought these islands were seen by Quiros, the Spanish navigator, in 1606. One lies in lat.

I'll not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool, To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield To Christian intercessors. Id. Merchant of Venice. What! mak'st thou me a dullard in this act? Wilt thou not speak to me? Id. Cymbeline. Here cease more questions; Thou art inclined to sleep. 'Tis a good dullness, And give it way. Id. Tempest. It (drunkenness) dulleth the spirits, and destroyeth the body as ivy doth an old tree, or as the worm that ingendereth in the kernel of the nut. Raleigh.

A dull man is so near a dead man, that he is hardly to be ranked in the list of the living; and as he is not to be buried whilst he is half alive, so he is as little to be employed whilst he is half dead.

Saville. Usury dulls and damps all industries, wherein money would be stirring, if it were not for the slug.

The air, if it be moist, doth in a degree quench the flame, and howsoever maketh it burn more dully. Id.

Honours oppress weak spirits, and our sense Strong objects dull; the more the less we see. Donne.

Meeting with Time, Slack thing, said I, Thy scythe is dull; whet it, for shame. Herbert. Correction may reform negligent boys, but not amend those that are insensibly dull. All the whetting in the world can never set a razor's edge on that

which hath no steel in it.

Fuller.

Than those who dully act one part.

Hudibras.

As turns a flock of geese, and, on the green, Poke out their foolish necks in awkward spleen, (Ridiculous in rage)! to hiss, not bite,

So war their quills, when sons of Dulness write. Young. In England every man may be an author that can write; for they have by law a liberty, not only of saying what they please, but of being as dull as they please. Goldsmith. Dullness it is easy to despise, and laughter it is easy to repay. Johnson. Plan of Dictionary.

The punch goes round, and they are dull
And lumpish still as ever;

Like barrels with their bellies full,
They only weigh the heavier.

Could thine art
Make them indeed immortal, and impart
The purity of heaven to earthly joys,
Expel the venom and not blunt the dart-
The dull satiety which all destroys-

Cowper.

And root from out the soul the deadly weed which cloys? Byron.

DULL, in the manege. The marks of a dull horse, called by the French, marquis de ladre, are white spots round the eye and on the tip of the nose, upon any general color whatsoever. Though some take these spots for signs of stupidity, it is certain they are great marks of the goodness of a horse; and the horses that have them are very sensible and quick upon the spur.

DULSE, or DILLS, a kind of esculent seaweed, eaten by the common people near Edinburgh. See FUCUS, PALMATUS.

DULWICH, a hamlet of Camberwell, five miles from London; celebrated for its college, founded by Alleyn, the actor, in consequence of a supposed apparition of the devil. See ALLEYN. This foundation was endowed for the maintenance of six poor men, six poor women, and twelve poor boys; the latter of whom, when they arrive at a proper age, are either sent to the universities, or apprenticed. This establishment is under the direction of a master (who must always be of the name of Allen), a warden, and four fellows, of whom three must be divines,

Memory is so necessary to all conditions of life, that we are not to fear it should grow dull for want of exercise, if exercise would make it stronger. Locke. Nor is the dulness of the scholar to extinguish, but rather to inflame, the charity of the teacher. South. Why, how now, Andrew? cries his brother droll; To-day's conceit, methinks, is something dull. Prior. Dull rogues affect the politician's part, And learn to nod, and smile, and shrug with art. Congreve.

Whoe'er has travelled life's dull round,
Where'er his stages may have been,
May sigh to think he still has found

The warmest welcome at an inn. Shenstone.

of the manor for a considerable extent; but both he and the warden and fellows must continue unmarried, on pain of exclusion. The building was erected after a design of Inigo Jones, and contains the chapel and master's apartments in front; the chambers for the poor men, women, and boys, are in the wings. The beautiful prospects of this village and its neighbourhood have made it a favorite residence of many gentry and citizens of London.

DULVERTON, a town in Somersetshire, seated on a branch of the Ex; twenty-four miles east of Barnstaple, and 165 west by south of London. It has a market on Saturday, and a manufacture of coarse woollens and blankets. There are some lead mines near the town, but the ore is hard and barren. Market on Saturday, the toll of which is annually distributed to the poor.

DUMAS (Louis), an ingenious Frenchman, was the natural son of Montcalm, lord of Candiac, born at Nismes, in 1676. He was bred to the law, but applied himself to mathematical and mechanical studies. He invented an instru

ment called the Bureau Typographique, to teach children reading and writing mechanically. He also devised another, for instructing them in music. On both these subjects he wrote explanatory treatises, besides a history of the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He died in 1744.

DUMAS (Charles Louis), a French surgeon and anatomist, who suggested considerable improvements in the nomenclature of anatomy. He was professor of the science at Montpelier, His works are A where he died in 1814. Treatise on Mythology, in which is proposed a new mode of classification and denomination of the muscles; and Principes de Physiologie, Paris, 1806, 4 vols. 8vo. DUMB, adj. Goth, dumbs; Saxon, DUMB'LY, adv. dumb; Dan. dum; Belg. DUMB'NESS, n. s. and Germ. stumme, from DUMB-FOUND, v. a. Heb., he was silent. Mute; incapable or deprived of speech: hence silent, refusing to speak. To dumbfound, is to

strike dumb.

DUMBNESS. The most general, if not the sole cause of dumbness, is the want of the sense of hearing. The use of language is originally acquired by imitating articulate sounds. From this source of intelligence, deaf people are excluded: they cannot acquire articulate sounds by the ear: unless, therefore, articulation be communicated to them by some other medium, these unhappy people must for ever be deprived of the use of language. Deafness has in all ages been considered as such a total obstruction to speech or written language, that an attempt to teach the deaf to speak or read was uniformly regarded as impracticable, till Dr. Wallis and some others showed that although deaf people cannot learn to speak or read by the direction of the ear, there are other sources of imitation, by which the same effect may be produced. The organs of hearing and of speech have little or no connexion. Persons deprived of the former generally possess the latter in such perfection, that nothing further is necessary, in order to make them articulate, than to teach them how to use these organs. This indeed is no easy task; but experience shows that it is practicable.

The late Mr. Thomas Braidwood, was perhaps the first who ever brought this surprising art to any degree of perfection. He began with a single pupil in 1764; and, since that period, has taught great numbers of people born deaf to speak distinctly; to read, to write, to understand figures, the principles of religion and morality, &c. and even to make a rapid progress in those useful branches of education. Mr. Braidwood's principal difficulty, after he had discovered this art, was to make the public believe in the practicability of it. He advertised in the public papers; he exhibited his pupils to many noblemen and gentlemen; still he found the generality of mankind unwilling to receive his discoveries.

The first effort in this method is, to teach the pupil to pronounce the simple sounds of the vowels and consonants. He would pronounce the sound of a slowly, pointing out the figure of the letter at the same time, and making the pupil observe the motion of his mouth and throat, anxiously imitating him all the while, though at first at a loss to understand what he would have him do. In this manner he proceeded till the pupil had learned to pronounce the sounds of the letters. He went on in the same manner to join a vowel and a consonant, till at length the pupil was enabled both to speak and read. That his pupils were taught not only the mere pro