before the revolution, men and women of scandalous life were condemned to the cale; i. e. to be shut up in an iron cage fastened to the yard of a shallop, and ducked several times in the river. The same was done at Toulouse to blasphemers. DUCKING, a sort of marine punishment, inflicted by the French before the revolution, on those who had been convicted of desertion, blasphemy, or sedition. It was thus performed: The criminal was placed astride of a short thick batten, fastened to the end of a rope, which passed through a block hanging at one of the yardarms. Thus fixed, he was hoisted suddenly up to the yard, and the rope being slackened at once, he was plunged into the sea. This was repeated several times conformably to the sentence against the culprit, who had also several cannon-shot fastened to his feet. A gun was aiso fired to advertise the other ships of the fleet, that their crews might become spectators. DUCKING is also a penalty which veteran sailors pretend to have a right to inflict on those who, for the first time, pass the tropic of Cancer, the equator, or the straits of Gibraltar, in consequence of their refusal or incapacity to pay the usual fine levied on such occasions. DUCKING-STOOL. See BRANK and CUCKING STOOL. DUCKO’Y, v. a. & n. s. Mistaken for decoy: the decoy being commonly practised upon ducks, produced the error. To entice to a snare: the snare laid. This fish hath a slender membranous string, which he projects and draws in at pleasure, as a serpent doth his tongue with this he duckoys little fishes, and preys upon them. Grew. Seducers have found it the most compendious way to their designs, to lead captive silly women, and make them the duckoys to their whole family. Decay of Piety. DUCK UP, is a phrase used at sea by the steers-man, when the main sail, fore sail, or sprit sail, hinders his seeing to steer by a landmark upon which he calls out, duck up the clew-lines of these sails, that is, hale the sails out of the way. When a shot is made by a chace-piece, if the clew of the sprit sail hinders the sight, they call out duck &c. up, DUCT, n.s. Lat. ductus, from duco, to lead. Guidance; direction: a passage through which any thing is conducted. This doctrine, by fastening all our actions by a fatal decree at the foot of God's chair, leaves nothing to us but only to obey our fate, to follow the duct of the stars, or necessity of those irony chains which we are born under. Hammond. In DUCTILITY, in physics, a property possessed by certain solid bodies, which consists in their yielding to percussion or pressure, and in receiving different forms without breaking. Some bodies are ductile both when they are hot and when they are cold, and in all circumstances. Such are metals, particularly gold and silver. Other bodies are ductile only when heated to a sufficient degree; such as wax and other substances of that kind, and glass. Other bodies, particularly some kinds of iron, called by the workmen red-short, brass, and some other mebrittle when hot. The degrees of heat requisite tallic mixtures, are ductile only when cold, and to produce ductility in bodies of the first kind, vary according to their different natures. general, the heat of the body must be such as is sufficient to reduce it to a middle state betwixt solidity and perfect fusion. As wax for instance, is fusible with a very small heat, may be rendered ductile by a still smaller one; and glass, which requires a most violent heat for its perfect fusion, cannot acquire its greatest ductility until it is made perfectly red-hot, and almost ready to fuse. Lastly, some bodies are made ductile by the absorption of a fluid. earths, particularly clay. When these earths have absorbed a sufficient quantity of water, to bring them into a middle state betwixt solidity and fluidity, that is to the consistence of a considerably firm paste, they have then acquired their greatest ductility. Water has precisely the same effect upon them in this respect, that fire has upon the bodies above-mentioned. Such are certain The ductility of metals is distinguished into three states by professor Chaptal, relative to the manner in which it is modified by various processes: viz. 1. Under the hammer: 2. Through the wire-drawer's plate; and 3. Between the Metals ductile under the laminating rollers." hammer he ranks thus, in the order of their ductility gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead. Through the wire-drawer's plate they rank in this order: gold, iron, copper, silver, tin, and lead. Some metals that are neither ductile under the hammer, not through the plate, become very considerably so, when an equal and gradual pressure is applied. Thus zinc may be reduced into very thin and flexible leaves by being passed between the laminating cylinders. DUDG'EON. Anciently dadgeon, a diminutive of dag; or, says Dr. Johnson, from Germ. dolch, a dirk; or degen, a sword. A dagger; a quarrel in which daggers are either used, or 'spoken;' ill temper. It was a serviceable dudgeon, Hudibras. Civil dudgeon first grew high, And men fell out they knew not why. The cuckoo took this a little in dudgeon. Id. L'Estrange. DUDLEY (Edmund), an eminent lawyer and able statesman in the reign of Henry VII. who, with Sir Richard Empson, assisted in filling that rapacious monarch's coffers, by arbitrary prosecutions of the people, on old penal statutes. They were both beheaded on the accession of Henry VIII. to pacify the clamors of the people for justice. DUDLEY (John), duke of Northumberland, son of the above, a statesman memorable in the English history, for his unsuccessful attempt to place the crown on the head of his daughter-inlaw, lady Jane Grey, who fell a victim to his ambition; was born in 1502, and beheaded in 1553. Ambrose his eldest son was a brave, generous and able statesman under queen Elizabeth; and received the appellation of the good earl of Warwick. Henry, his second son, was killed at the siege of St. Quintin. Robert, the third son, a man of bad character, was created earl of Leicester; and was one of queen Elizabeth's favorites. His fourth son, was the unfortunate lord Guildford Dudley, whose only crime was his being the husband of lady Jane Grey, for which he was beheaded in 1554. DUDLEY (Sir Robert), earl of Warwick and duke of Northumberland, was the son of Robert above-mentioned, by the lady Douglas Sheffield; and was born at Sheen in Surrey in 1573, where he was carefully concealed, to prevent the queen's knowledge of the earl's engagements with his mother. He studied at Oxford; when his father dying, left him the bulk of his estate. Having a particular fondness for navigation, he fitted out a small squadron at his own expense, with which he sailed to the river Oronoco, and took and destroyed nine sail of Spanish ships. In 1595 he attended the earl of Essex, and the lord high admiral of England, in their expedition against the Spaniards; when he was knighted for his gallant behaviour at the taking of Cadiz. He now endeavoured to prove the legitimacy of his birth, in order to be entitled to his hereditary honors. But being overpowered by the interest of the countess dowager of Leicester, he applied for a licence to travel; and, being well received at the court of Florence, resolved to continue there, notwithstanding his receiving a letter of recall; on which his whole estate was seized by king James I. and vested in the crown. He discovered at the court of Cosmo II., great duke of Tuscany, those great abilities for which he had been admired in England, and was at length made chamberlain to his highness's consort. He there contrived several methods of improving shipping; introduced new manufactures; and by other services obtained so high reputation, that, at the desire of the archduchess, the emperor Ferdinand, in 1620, created him a duke of the holy Roman empire. He afterwards drained a vast tract of morass between Pisa and the sea; and raised Leghorn, which was then a mean, pitiful place, into a large and beautiful town, improving the haven by a mole, which rendered it both safe and commodious; and having engaged his highness to declare it a free port, he, by his influence and correspondence, drew many English merchants to settle and set up houses there, which was of very great service to his native country, as well as to the Spaniards. He was also the patron of learned men, and held a high place himself in the republic of letters. His most celebrated work is his Del Arcano del Mare, in 2 vols, folio. DUDLEY (Rev. Sir Henry Bate), was born at Fenny Compton, August 25th 1745. His father, Henry Bate, was rector of St. Nicholas in Worcester, and of North Farmbridge, in Essex. The son also was educated for the church, and took his degrees in arts at the University of Cambridge, after which he became curate of Hendon in Middlesex. At this period of his life, however, he became entirely a man of pleasure; but exhibited considerable literary talent, and established in succession, the Morning Post, and Morning Herald, newspapers. He also produced some dramatic pieces, of which the principal were, The Rival Candidates, The Flitch of Bacon, and The Woodman. In the year 1781 the advowson of Bradwell juxta Mare, in Essex, was purchased in trust for Mr. Bate, subject to the life of the incumbent; without waiting for whose demise, he commenced those extensive alterations and improvements of the church, parsonage, and glebe, which are said to have cost him upwards of £28,000. But when in 1797 he applied for institution, on the death of the incumbent of the living, the bishop of London refused him on the ground of simony. Shortly afterwards the rectory lapsed to the crown, and Dr. Gamble was presented to it. This was considered an exceedingly hard case, and very nearly ruined Mr. Dudley, who had now taken this addition to his name in compliance with the will of a relative. In 1804 he was in some degree compensated for his loss, by a presentation to the rectory of Kilscoren in Ireland, and the chancellorship of the cathedral of Ferns; to which, three years afterwards, was added the living of Kilglass, in the county of Longford. In 1812 he resigned the two Irish benefices, on being presented to the rectory of Willingham in the county of Cambridge; and the same year was created a baronet. In 1816 he obtained a prebend in the cathedral of Ely. Sir Henry was at one time magistrate for seven counties in England and four in Ireland. He died at Cheltenham, February 1st, 1824 DUDLEY, a town of England, of the county of Worcester, but insulated in Staffordshire, has a weekly market on Saturday. Most of the inhabitants are employed in manufacturing nails, or other articles of iron. It has two churches; and is ten miles west of Birmingham, and 120 northwest of London. DUE, n. s. adj. & v. a. DU'EFULL, DUTY, n. s. DU'TEOUS, adj. DU'TEOUSNESS, n. s. DU'TIFUL, adj. DU'TIFULLY, adv. From dew, to bind; Lat. debeo, to owe. That which is owed; right; obligation; whatever is required to be done or paid. As an adjective due DUTIFULNESS, n. s. is, owed; proper; fit; exact; consequent to. Shakspeare uses it as an active verb; but we have met with no other instance. Duty is also obligation, and reciprocal with right. What one man has a right to claim, another has a duty to yield or give. When ye shall have done all those things which are commanded you, say, We are unprofitable servants : we have done that which was our duty to do. Luke xvii. 10. See how the madmen bleed! behold the gains With which their master, love, rewards their pains! For seven long years, on duty every day, Lo! their obedience, and their monarch's pay. Id. Piety, or dutifulness to parents, was a most popular virtue among the Romans. Id, Æneid. In the body, when the principal parts, as the heart and liver, do their offices, and all the inferiour smaller vessels act orderly and duly, there arises a sweet enjoyment upon the whole, which we call health. South. You might see him come towards me beating the ground in so due time, as no dancer can observe better Sidney. measure. There would she kiss the ground, and thank the trees, bless the air, and do dutiful reverence to every thing she thought did accompany her at their first meeting. Id. Not that I want a due respect to other men's opinions; but, after all, the greatest reverence is due to Locke. truth. In respect of the exorbitant dues that are paid at most other ports, this deservedly retains the name of free. Addison. Who taught the bee with winds and rains to strive, To bring her burden to the certain hive; And through the liquid fields again to pass Duteous, and hark'ning to the sounding brass? Prior. If attention be duly engaged to those reflections, they cannot fail of influence. Rogers. No popular assembly ever knew, or proposed, or declared, what share of power was their due. Swift. He with joyful, nimble wing, Flew dutifully back again, And made an humble chaplet for the king. Id. The duty of a collator is indeed dull, yet, like other tedious tasks, is very necessary. Johnson. Turn on the prudent ant thy heedful eyes, Observe her labours, sluggard, and be wise: No stern command, no monitory voice, Prescribes her duties, or directs her choice; Yet timely provident, she hastes away, To snatch the blessings of the plenteous day. Id. Poems. Nothing is more common than to say, when a person does not behave with due decency towards his superiours, such a one does not understand himself. Mason. Estates are landscapes, gazed upon awhile, And surfeited lewd town with her fair dues, Do as you would be done by,' and Love your neighbour as yourself,' include all our duties of benevolence and morality; and if sincerely obeyed by all nations, would a thousand-fold multiply the present happiness of mankind. Darwin. Whatever tenderness may be due to the errors into which they would inevitably fall in their speculations concerning the present condition of mankind, and the apparent constitution of the moral world, of which, destitute as they were of the light of revelation, they knew neither the beginning nor the end, the Christian is possessed of a written rule, delivered from on high, which is treated with profane contempt, if reference be not had to upon all questions of duty. Victory and triumph to the Son of God Now entering his great duel, not of arms, But to vanquish by wisdom, hellish wiles. Who single Milton. Duelled their armies ranked in proud array, Id. Agonistes. His bought arms Mung not liked; for his first day Of bearing them in field, he threw 'em away; And hath no honour lost, our duellists say. He must at length, poor man die dully at home, when here he might so fashionably and genteelly have been duelled or fluxed into another world. South. If the king ends the differences, the case will fall ont no worse than when two duellists enter the field, where the worsted party hath his sword again, without further hurt. Suckling. I never read of a duel among the Romans, and yet their nobility used more liberty with their tongues than one may now do without being challenged. Tatler. They perhaps begin as single duellers, but then they soon get their troops about them. Decay of Piety. DUEL, a single combat, at a time and place appointed, in consequence of a challenge. This custom came originally from the northern nations, among whom it was usual to decide all their Both the accuser and controversies by arms. accused gave pledges to the judges on their respective behalf; and the custom prevailed so far amongst the Germans, Danes, and Franks, that none were excused from it but women, sick people, cripples, and such as were under twentyone years of age or above sixty. Even ecclesiastics, priests, and monks, were obliged to find champions to fight in their stead. The punishhanging or beheading, or mutilation of members, ment of the vanquished was either death, by according to the circumstances of the case. Duels were at first admitted not only on criminal occasions, but on some civil ones, for the maintenance of rights or estates, and the like: in latter times, however, before they were entirely abolished, they were restrained to these four cases. 1. That the crime should be capital. 2. That it should be certain the crime was perpetrated. 3. The accused must by common fame be supposed guilty. And 4. The matter must not be capable of proof by witnesses. DUEL, at present, is used for single combat on some private quarrel; and is premeditated; otherwise it is called a rencounter. If a person is killed in a duel, both the principals and seconds are guilty, whether the seconds engage or not. See MURDER. It is also a very high offence to challenge a person either by word or letter, or to be the messenger of a challenge. See Law. The general practice of duelling, in this last sense, took its rise in 1527, at the breaking up of a treaty between the emperor Charles V. and Francis I. The former desired Francis's herald to acquaint his sovereign, that he would hence forth consider him not only as a base violator of public faith, but as a stranger to the honor and integrity of a gentleman. Francis, too highspirited to bear such an imputation, had recourse to an uncommon expedient to vindicate his character. He instantly sent back the herald with a cartel of defiance, in which he gave the emperor the lie in form, challenging him to single combat, requiring him to name the time and place of encounter, and the weapons with which he chose to fight. Charles, as he was not inferior to his rival in spirit or bravery, readily accepted the challenge; but after several messages, concerning the arrangement of all the circumstances relative to the combat, accompanied with mutual reproaches bordering on the most indecent scurrility, all thoughts of this duel, more becoming the heroes of romance than the two greatest monarchs of their age, were entirely laid aside. The example of two persons so illustrious, drew such general attention, and carried with it so much authority, that it had considerable influence in introduciug an important change in manners all over Europe. Duels had been long permitted by the laws of all European nations; and, forming a part of their jurisprudence, were authorised by the magistrate on many occasions, as the most proper method of terminating questions with regard to property, or of deciding in those which regarded crimes. But single combats being considered as solemn appeals to the omniscience and justice of the Supreme Being, they were allowed only in public causes, according to the prescription of law, and carried on in a judicial form. See BATTEL. Men accustomed to this manner of decision in courts of justice, were naturally led to apply it to personal and private quarrels. Duels, which at first could only be appointed by the civil judge, were fought without the interposition of his authority, and in cases to which the laws did not extend. Upon every affront or injury, which seemed to touch his honor, a gentleman thought himself entitled to draw his sword, and to call on his adversary to make reparation. Such an opinion, introduced among men of fierce courage and high spirit, and of rude manners, where offence was often given, and revenge was always prompt, produced most fatal consequences. Much blood was shed; many useful lives were lost; and, at some periods, war itself has hardly been more destructive than these contests of honor. So powerful, however, is the dominion of fashion, that neither the terror of penal laws, nor reverence for religion, nor the fear of a future state, has yet been able entirely to abolish a practice unknown among the ancients, and not justifiable by any principle of reason. Its best defence only seals the greater disgrace on the parties who have recourse to it; i. e. that we must ascribe to it, in some degree, the extraordinary gentleness and complaisance of modern manners in high life, and that respectful attention of one man to another, which at present renders the social intercourse of life far more agreeable and decent than among civilised nations of antiquity. In other words, that gentlemen can only be governed by the weapons of fear and force by which, in fact, the vilest ruffians are at last restrained. Public opinion, however, is not easily controlled by civil institutions; for which reason it may be questioned whether any human regulations can be contrived of sufficient force to suppress or change that false rule of honor, which stigmatises all scruples about duelling with the reproach of cowardice. The inadequate redress which the law of the land affords, for those injuries which chiefly affect a man in his sensibility and reputation, tempts many to redress themselves; and prosecutions for such offences, by the trifling damages that are recovered, serve only to make the sufferer ridiculous. This ought to be remedied. A court of honor might be established, especially for the army, where the point of honor is cultivated with exquisite attention and refinement, with a power of awarding those submissions and acknowledgments, which it is generally the object of a challenge to obtain; and it might grow into a fashion with person of rank of all professions, to refer their quarrels to the same tribunal. fact, as the law now stands, duelling can seldom be overtaken by legal punishment. The challenge, appointment, and other previous circumstances, which indicate the intention with which the combatants met, being suppressed, nothing appears to a court of justice but the actual rencounter; and if a person be slain when actually fighting with his adversary, the law deems his death nothing more than manslaughter. In DUE'NNA, n. s. Spanish. An old woman kept to guard a younger. I felt the ardour of my passion increase as the season advanced, till in the month of July I could no longer contain: I bribed her duenna, was admitted to the bath, saw her undressed, and the wonder displayed. Arbuthnot and Pope. DUETT, duetto, in music, a composition expressly written for two voices or instruments, with or without a bass and accompaniments. In good duets the execution is pretty equally distributed between the two parts, and the melodies so dependent on each other, as to lose every effect when separated, but to be perfectly related and concinnous when heard together. DUFF'S ISLANDS, or DUFF'S GROUP, a range of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered by captain Wilson, in the course of his missionary voyage in the Duff. They are about eleven in number, and extend fourteen or fifteen miles in a north-west to south-east direction. They are of different sizes; the smallest is apparently barren, but the largest two, which are about six miles in circumference, and situated in the middle of the others, are well wooded. Between these two there is a small islet; and at the end of one on the north-west part of the group rises a remarkable rock in the shape of a pillar. The natives, who are stout and well made, were shy and apprehensive of strangers. A village was seen on the south-west side of Disappointment Island, the largest of this group. They have ornamented canoes about twelve or fourteen feet long, and about fifteen inches broad, which seemed to be made of a single tree. Long. 167° E., lat. 9° 57′ S. DUG, n. s. Swed. dagghe Isl. and Goth. deggia, to give suck, from Goth. dy, milk; or : |