The cathedral of St. Patrick is a venerable pile, originally possessing much grace, beauty, and lightness of style. The ground plan is a single cross with four side aisles: the nave, 150 feet in length, is adorned with several fine monuments. Here is the simple slab, inscribed with an epitaph written by himself, consecrated to the memory of Swift; and an adjacent column supports an equally plain tablet, with an insciption, also from the pen of dean Swift, to Stella. The monuments of Dr. Marsh, the founder of the public library, called after his name, and Dr. Smyth, the endower of the Bethesda, are the most rich and beautiful designs. The south transept has lately been refitted, and in levelling the floor some curiously figured tiles, forming the steps of an ancient altar, were discovered, which, together with the remains of the altar, are left uncovered for the gratification of the public taste in matters of antiquity. The northern transept, lately rebuilt, is used as the parish church of St. Nicholas without. The choir of St. Patrick's is strikingly picturesque; it is lighted by five lancet-shaped windows at the summit of the eastern wall, which shed an indefinite and partial light upon the various objects beneath. The organ is large and fine toned: the echo of the chancel most grateful to the ear. The walls and panelled gallery fronts decorated with the helmets, swords, and banners of the knights of St. Patrick; and the oaken canopied stalls adorned with their armorial bearings, emblazoned in golden characters. Near the communion table is the monument of the great earl of Cork; opposite is a tablet to duke Schomberg; while, amongst the fantastic relics of the place, are preserved the skull of the duke, perforated by a musket ball, and the chain ball by which lord Loften was slain at the siege of Limerick. St. Patrick's Cathedral was built in 1190, upon the site of a church said to have been founded by St. Patrick himself. The steeple was added in 1370, and the spire in 1749; the ball of which is 223 feet from the level of the street. The collegiate church of the Holy Trinity, called also Christ Church, is said to have been built in 1038, by Litricus, the son of Amlane, an Ostman king of Dublin. Its site had been appropriated to sacred purposes by St. Patrick, who is said to have preached to the heathen in the precise vaults on which this ancient edifice stands, these being the stores used by the Danes for lodging merchandise. The original building was destroyed almost wholly by fire, and, with the exception of a fine Norman door-way in John's Lane, little either of the ancient architecture, or of any intelligible design, is discoverable in the present mutilated structure of Christ Church. In this church the reformed service was first read in Ireland; and here also Lambert Simnell was crowned by the title of Edward VI. St. Andrew's Church still exhibits some few traces of Norman architecture, and is worth the attention of the antiquarian. Several of the other parish churches are well designed, and executed in a masterly style: St. Werburgh's, Thomas's, and Catherine's, are not unlike each other in internal arrangements, and are all spacious and venerable. St. Werburgh's had ence a handsome spire, which the parishioners VOL. VII.

removed, from an apprehension that the foundation was sinking. St. Paul's, lately erected, has a low and clumsy spire; St. George's possesses not only a grateful and delicate spire, but also a beautiful Grecian portico, supporting a frieze and pediment; the elevation resembles that of St. Martin's, in London, but is probably less heavy, owing to the omission of the Græco-Italian block ornaments of the latter. The parishioners of St. Michan's are about to rebuild their church, the present being decayed to a perilous extent: underneath the old church are the vaults remarkable for their antiseptic power; bodies deposited here 120 years ago are found as perfectly preserved this moment as if they had undergone the process of embalming.

Amongst the useful institutions of Dublin are, the Royal Dublin Society, for the encouragement of husbandry and the arts, established in 1731: here public lectures are delivered by the society's professors, in geology, mineralogy, botany, and chemistry: and free-schools are opened for instruction in drawing and sculpture. The Society occupy the noble mansion of the dukes of Leinster, built from Cassel's designs, and perhaps one of the noblest private residences in Europe;the Royal Hibernian Academy, for the advancement of the arts, built at the sole expense of Francis Johnston, Esq., now president, who bestowed it upon the artists of Ireland, to whom his present majesty had most graciously granted a charter of incorporation (the first exhibition of the Royal Hibernian Academy took place in 1826); and the Royal Irish Academy situated in Grafton Street, whose Transactions contain many valuable articles; in the library are several valuable MSS. The principal public libraries in Dublin are, those of the college; the Dublin Society, rich in botanical works; the Dublin Library Society, in D'Olier Street; and Marsh's Library, in Kevin Street. Since the erection of the Royal Hibernian Academy, the committee of the Irish Instittion have felt themselves called upon to contribute their aid to the advancement of the arts in Ireland, and they are now erecting a handsome gallery in College Street, for the exhibition of the works of the old masters, a situation both central and convenient.

Trinity College was founded by queen Elizabeth, and endowed with many valuable livings by James I. The foundation was laid in 1591, and students were admitted in 1593. By the original charter, the corporation consisted of the provost, three fellows, and three scholars, but it is now enlarged to seven senior fellows, eighteen juniors, and seventy scholars, besides the provost: each of the junior fellows having nearly 100 pri vate pupils to instruct, independent of the delivery of occasional public lectures. The independent members are divided into an equal number of classes, called fellow-commoners, pensioners, and sizars. The provost, fellows, and scholars, return the member for the university, and the provost and senior fellows alone transact all the negotia collegii.' A senior fellowship is supposed to be worth about £1500 per annum. There is a limit placed to the number of pupils permitted to enter under a junior fellow in each class, viz. thirty-six; but this limit is so great 2 M

6

that 144 may thus be entrusted to one lecturer to instruct in the short periods of each year called terms. The scholars have the privilege of voting for a representative to parliament; commons for five years (the duration of a scholarship); chambers at half fire and rent, and £4 per annum. They are also eligible to chapel masterships, and assistant librarianships; but these places are few in number, and neither valuable nor permanent. The independent members merely receive instruction, for which they pay their tutors, the fellow-commoners sixteen guineas, the pensioner eight guineas, per annum (the sizars are exempt from charges), besides some small annual fees. The first class graduate after three years and a half, the second and third not until the expiration of four years. During the collegiate course quarterly examinations are held in the theatre, at a certain number of which every student is obliged to answer in the prescribed course, from which it follows that in this college no pupil can possibly graduate without having obtained a certain quantity of information, while the most distinguished are rewarded by the collegiate honors of premiums and certificates. The number of names on the college books is at present (1827) nearly

2000.

The buildings of Dublin College are numerous and elegant. The grand front, presented to College Green, is entirely of cut granite, the ornamental parts being of Portland stone. It measures 300 feet in length, is enriched by a centre beautifully relieved by four noble three-quarter Corinthian columns supporting a pediment, and terminated by two lofty pavilions, surmounted by balustrades, and adorned with graceful coupled pilasters. Within are three large squares, and one smaller, called formerly the quadrangle. The Parliament Square, 316 feet long by 212 in breadth, is enclosed by lofty buildings (four stories in height) of cut stone, terminated by the beautiful porticoes of the chapel and theatre, which correspond while they oppose. The quadrangle contains the dining hall, vice-provost's residence, and a corresponding building (fellows' chambers) beyond the quadrangle in the Library Square, 265 feet in length by 214 in breadth, enclosed on three sides by ancient brick buildings, chiefly inhabited by the students, but, on the fourth, by the college library, the noblest apartment in the city of Dublin. To the north of the Library Square is that usually called Botany Bay, somewhat larger than any of the others, and surrounded by lofty buildings. The College Park, containing about twenty acres, is planted with noble elms. Here are the New Anatomy House, and the Printing House, a beautiful little Doric building. The chapel and theatre have similarly beautiful fronts of Portland stone, consisting of porticoes of four Corinthian pillars supporting a pediment; behind the porticoes, arcades open into a vestibule on each side, and in the centre of which are the entrances to the great hall and chapel. The hall contains an admired monument to provost Baldwin, and several fine portraits of eminent persons, former students, amongst whom are Swift and Burke. The dimensions of the chapel are equal, but the internal arrangement necessarily different from those of the

theatre. The dining hall is a singular design, the front, of cut stone, is adorned with coupled pilasters, and a shallow pediment; the great door opens on a broad terrace, approached by a flight of steps the entire breadth of the building: over the ante-hall, leading to the refectory, is the apartment in which the Historical Society hold their meetings. The library is an unpicturesque, though stately edifice: it is perforated by so many windows, that it defied the efforts of the artist to consult beauty of elevation. The chief library room (where his majesty Geo. IV. was received by the corporation) measures 210 feet in length by forty-one in breadth, is beautifully adorned with carved oak pilasters, and an indented frieze; while many fine busts of celebrated persons, standing on tapering pedestals, are ranged along either side: the inner, called also the Fagel Library, is fifty-two feet long, and contains the collection of a Dutch family, whose name it bears, of about 20,000 volumes. The manuscript room is over the Fagel Library: here are Persian and Arabic MSS, an autograph of king James II., and a most valuable collection of unpublished MSS. on Irish history and antiquities; to the south of the library is the master's garden, being a continuation of the pleasure ground attached to the provost's house: this latter mentioned building is a very beautiful structure, built entirely of cut stone, from a design by lord Burlington. The College Museum does not contain many things of interest: there is here a curious model, by Mr. Bald, of the surface of the county of Mayo. The College Observatory is situated at Dunswick, three miles from the city, and the Botanic Garden at Beggar's Bush, about half a mile from College Green.

The College of Surgeons was endowed with a charter in 1784; the first licentiate was Thomas Wright, author of some valuable works on anatomy. It is a handsome building of cut stone; consisting of a rusticated basement story, surmounted by a handsome façade, adorned with three-quarter columns, separated by large circularheaded windows: the present elevation is an improvement by Mr. Murray: it stands in a commanding position in Stephen's Green, at the corner of York Street. The School of Anatomy here is highly valued, and much visited by surgical students from England and Wales. The College of Physicians hold their meetings in Sir Patrick Dunn's Hospital, a noble building in Canal Street, erected at the expense of the munificent testator whose name it bears. There are several private schools of anatomy in Dublin, in Park Street, Brunswick Street, &c., also well attended by students from various parts of Great Britain. Dublin possesses numerous classical schools, conducted by distinguished scholars of its university.

The river Liffey, which divides the city, is enclosed by magnificent walls of cut stone, from Ringsend to Bloody Bridge, a distance of about two miles, in which length it is crossed by seven noble bridges, six of cut stone, and one of cast iron: an additional bridge of cast iron is about to be thrown across the river, near the entrance of the Phoenix Park, and above the Royal Barracks; and a magnificent arch spans the river,

about one mile west of Bloody Bridge, called Sarah's Bridge.

Dublin is encompassed by a circular road, and enclosed between two canals of noble breadth; these canals terminate in docks, communicating with the Liffey, capable of accomodating all the shipping that visits Dublin river, and of harbouring all the boats from the interior, which could be employed in transmitting the inland produce to this harbour for exportation: it is very probable that most of the export trade of Ireland will yet be carried on, by means of these canals, at Dublin.

The population of Dublin has increased but little in the last twenty years, and the number of houses has rather diminished.

DUBNO, a town of Volhynia, European Russia, on the river Irwa. The great annual market of Poland, called the Contract, was for some time held here. The population was then more considerable; at present it is not above 6600. Great numbers of Jews reside here, who carry on an extensive trade in wood, cattle, and raw produce, brought from Podolia, the Ukraine, Moldavia, &c. East of the town stands a castle, twenty-four miles S. S. E. of Lucko.

DUBOS (John Baptist), a learned and ingenious French author, born at Beauvais in 1670. He finished his studies at Paris, and was intrusted with the management of several important affairs in Italy, England, and Holland. At his return to Paris, he obtained a prebendary; he afterwards had a pension of 2000 livres, and the abbey of Notre Dame at Ressons, near Beauvais. He died at Paris, when perpetual secretary of the French Academy, on the 23d March 1742. His principal works are, 1. Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting, 3 vols. 12mo. 2. A Critical History of the French Monarchy in Gaul, 2 vols. 4to. DUCAL, adj. From duke. duke as a ducal coronet.

BERTUCCIO FALIERO. (reading.)

Pertaining to a

In council, without one dissenting voice,
That Michel Steno, by his own confession,
Guilty on the last night of Carnival
Of having graven on the ducal chair
The following words-

Decreed

Byron.

DUCALS, letters patent granted by the cidevant senate of Venice, or written in the name of the senate, to foreign princes: so named because the name of the doge or duke was prefixed to them.

DUCAREL (Andrew Coltee), an eminent archæologist, was born at Caen in Normandy in 1713; but his father, removing to England, placed him at Eton, and afterwards at Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor of civil law., He became a member of Doctors' Commons, in 1743, and in 1755 was elected commissary, or official of the jurisdiction of the collegiate church of St. Catherine, near the Tower. In 1757 he was appointed librarian of the palace of Lambeth; and the following year became commissary of the diocese of Canterbury. He was one of the first fellows of the society of Antiquaries. In 1762 he was elected F. R. S.; and appointed in 1763, together with Sir Joseph Ayloffe and Mr. Astle, to methodise the records

in the State Paper office at Whitehall, and in the Augmentation office. Dr. Ducarel died at his house in South Lambeth, in May 1785. His principal works are, Anglo-Norman Antiquities, 1767, folio; a series of above 200 Anglo-Gallic, or Norman and Aquitaine Coins of the ancient Kings of England, &c., 1757, 4to.; the History and Antiquities of the Archiepiscopal Palace at Lambeth, 4to.; and the History of the Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of St. Catherine, 4to.

DUCAS (Michael), a Greek historian who wrote a history of the empire, from the elder Andronicus to its termination. Though his style is barbarous, he relates facts not elsewhere to be found, and was an attentive observer of what passed. Nothing is known of his life except that he was often engaged in diplomatic employments. His works were printed at the Louvre in 1649, folio; accompanied with a Latin version and notes.

This was afterwards translated into French by Cousin, of whose History of Constantinople, printed at Paris, 1672, 4to., and at the Hague, in 1685, 12mo., it concludes the eighth volume.

DUCAT, n. s. DUCATOON', n. s.

From duke. Coins struck by dukes. See COINS.

I cannot instantly raise up the gross Of full three thousand ducats.

Shakspeare.

There was one that died in debt: it was reported, where his creditors were, that he was dead: one said, he hath carried five hundred ducats of mine into the other world.

Bacon.

An ounce of silver, whether in pence, groats, or crown pieces, stivers, or ducatoons, or in bullion, is, and eternally will be, of equal value to any other ounce of silver. Locke.

DUCAT. See COINS. The origin of ducats is assigned by Procopius to Longinus, governor of Italy; who, revolting against the emperor Justin II., made himself duke of Ravenna, and called himself Exarcha, i. e. without lord or ruler; and, to show his independence, struck pieces of money, of very pure gold, in his own name, and with his own stamp, which were called ducati. After him, the first who struck ducats were the Venetians, who called them zechini or sequins, from Zecca, the place where they first were struck. This was about A. D. 1280, in the time of John Danduli: but we have pretty good evidence, that Roger, king of Sicily, coined ducats as early as 1240. And Du Cange affirms, that the first ducats were struck in the duchy of Apulia. The chief gold ducats are, the single and double ones of Venice, Florence, Genoa, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Flanders, Holland, and Zurich. The double ducats weigh from five pennyweights seventeen grains, to five pennyweights ten grains; and the single in proportion. The Spaniards have no ducats of gold; and the silver one, with them, is no real species, but only a money of account like our pound. It is equivalent to eleven rials. The silver ducats of Florence serve there for crowns.

DUCATOON, a silver coin, struck chiefly in Italy; particularly in Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Lucca, Mantua, and Parma: though there are also Dutch and Flemish ducatoons. See COINS.

DUCE CREEK, called also Cross Roads and Salisbury, a town of the United States, America, in the state of Delaware, standing on Duce Creek, which runs into Delaware Bay. It is a celebrated wheat market, and has a flourishing trade with Philadelphia.

DUCENARIUS, A8кevapios, in antiquity, an officer of the Roman army, who had the command of 200 men. The emperors had also ducenarii among the procurators or intendants, called procuratores ducenarii. Some say that these had salaries of 200 sesterces; as in the games of the circus, horses hired for 200 sesterces were called ducenarii. Others hold, that ducenarii were those who levied the 200dth penny, the officers appointed to inspect the raising of that tribute. In the inscription at Palmyra, the word occurs very often. DUCK, n. s., v.a., v. n. & From Dut, ducken; DUCK'ER, n. s. Swed. dyka; Teut. DUCK'ING-STOOL, Land Welsh tuck; DUCK LEGGED, adj. to dip or dive; from DUCK'LING, n. s. Goth. doggwa, waDUCK'WEED, ter. A bird of the anas genus; a term of endearment; and, from the common habits of the duck, a stone made to dip in and out of the water in throwing: to dive as a duck, hence to bow; and, as an active verb, to put under water.

[adj

Duck, in ornithology. See ANAS and DECOY. This fowl is furnished with a peculiar structure of vessels about the heart, which enables it to live a considerable time under water, as is necessary for it in diving. This made Mr. Boyle think it a more proper subject for experiments with the air-pump than any other bird. A full grown duck being put into the receiver of an airpump, of which she filled one third part, and the air exhausted, the creature seemed to bear it better for the first moments, than a hen or other fowl; but, after about a minute, she showed great signs of uneasiness, and in less than two minutes her head fell down, and she appeared dying, till revived by the letting in of air. A young callow duck was afterwards tried in the same manner, and with the same issue, it being nearly reduced to death in less than two minutes. But it is observable, that both birds swelled very much on pumping out the air, so that they appeared greatly larger to the spectators, especially about the crop it not being intended that any water fowl should live in so exceedingly rarefied air, but only be able to continue occasionally some time under water. The strongest instance of these creatures being calculated to live almost in any situation, we have in the accounts of the blind ducks in the Czirknitz Zee lake in Carniola; which is supposed to communicate with another lake under ground in the mountain Savornic, and to fill or empty itself according to the emptiness or fulness of that lake. See CZIRKNITZ ZEE. The ducks which always frequent it in great numbers, are often carried down along with the water, and forced into the subterraneous lake to which it retires. In this unnatural habitation, many of these creatures undoubtedly perish, but some refeathers; and in the next filling of the lake, both main alive. These become blind, and lose their they and vast numbers of fish are thrown up by the water. In about a fortnight they are said to recover their sight and feathers.

DUCKING, plunging in water, a diversion anciently practised among the Goths by way of exercise; but among the Celta, Franks, and ancient Germans, it was a sort of punishment for persons of scandalous lives. At Marseilles and Bourbon,